Change management simulation Essay

As the rapid development of modern economy and the increasingly fierce market competition, the demand of how to manage organization change is increasing. Especially for leaders in both large and small companies, the ability of dealing with change is so significant. In many case, the main reason for company bankruptcy is that leaders fail to cope with organization environment change properly. The demise of many fortune 500 companies in the 1980s and 1990s suggests that the leaders of these companies were ineffective in responding to changes in the business environment; they were unable to overcome rigidities in their firms until it was too late. (Beer, M. & N. Nohria. 2000) In order to improve my learning about managing organization change, I did change management simulation four days ago. Then I am going to talk about the detail of my stimulation. In this simulation, I was the CEO of Spectrum Sunglass Company. For this company, the future is bright due to the growing sunglass market. However, from many professional articles I read, I learned that sustainable development is significant for business, our company should offer some new sunglass products to customers who concern about Spectrum’s environmental impact. Moreover, new products can also differentiate our products from competitors’ and provide us more sales opportunities. But unfortunately, some of my colleagues doesn’t agree with my points, the CFO of my company thinks green raw materials may be so expensive that will influence the profit margins of Spectrum. Then my  mission is to persuade Spectrum’s managers to adopt my proposal. PROCESS RECORDING Week 0 – Week 2 Firstly, I conducted private interviews, I interview Michelle Barth, the executive assistant; Nancy Kerr, the director of product innovation and Yao Li, the director of process innovation. For my assistant, I think I should discuss with her first if I have a proposal. And the other two people are in innovation department, it’s easier for them to accept my opinion than others. After that, I told a ‘success’ story to the three same people to convince them deeply and hope them help me persuade other colleagues. Successful diversity need strong commitment from top management. (Beer, M., R. A. Eisenstat, & B. Spector, 1990) Week 3 to Week 5 In the third week, I issued an email notice to the whole company to tell them my opinion and obtain initial feedback from them. I think it’s important to let them understand my opinion and persuade them to support my opinion. Then I hold town hall meetings to talk about my opinion face to face, to know my colleague’s opinion, after that week, walk the talk was followed. Week 7 – Week 9 In the seventh week, I got the consultant’s support, at this time, the people who was interested in my opinion was greatly increased. From the seventeenth week to the ninety week, I provide both external skill-building and internal skill-building to some people in our organization, the purpose is to let them know well about the skill that my proposal needs and make them believe the advantage of my proposal, after these two levers I used, some people began to adopt my proposal. I think these two levers are effective. Week 13 In the thirtieth week, I announced goals and deadlines of Spectrum. I told my company my determination to change, to produce new products. After that, five people began to try my opinion. Week 23 Ten weeks later, I revised reward system, I hope I can use a special way to let them know the significance of changing. After that, I repeated to use the former effective levers to persuade my colleagues. Week 64 – Week 65 In the sixty four week, I posted progress reports of my company, to show the development of the new product, two more people adopted my proposal. At this time, I have already achieved most people’s adoption, in order to convince more people, I decided to continue my work. I also conducted pilot project the following week, I want to see the marketing condition of the new sunglass product, to find its drawbacks and relative developing ways. Week 74 – Week 75 In the seventy four week, I privately confront resister Louise Orysh to ask his opinion about new products and why she doesn’t adopt it, to know the weakness of the new product and how to reform. Then I restructured organization the following week. Week 91 – Week 93 During the ninety one to ninety three weeks, I provided internal skill-building and external building again, and then, my initiative achieved all the managers’ adoption. CHANGING MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT Now I will assess my work. As a change agent, I have 20 adopters of sustainability initiative in the management team at Spectrum, I persuaded all the managers adopt my proposal successfully. I have succeed in bringing about a significant organization change and creating a bright future for both Spectrum and the environment. So, I think I am an effective change agent. But I also have some deficiencies on my changing management practices. Although I attained 20 adaptors, I spend 93 weeks to get this result, it’s really a long time. The change efficiency ratio is only 0.22. I have to say my work is effective but not efficient, I still need to shorten working time to improve change efficiency. The flexibility and speed is also important in changing management. (Kanter, R. M., B. Stein & T. D. Jick. 1992.) From managing organizational change, I learned that the need for knowledge about how to manage organization change efficiently and effectively is continually rising. If there was a code that could unlock our understanding how change might best be changed, it hadn’t yet be broken. (Beer, M. & N. Nohria. 2000) But break the code may be not the best way to  manage change. The core of organization change is that change what is invalid and remain what is effective. A successful organization know how to overcome the antibody of refusing innovation, seize appropriate opportunities and avoid risks. Furthermore, the central challenge is not strategy, not systems, not culture. These elements and many others can be very important, but the core problem without question is behavior. (Kotter, J. & D. Cohen. 2002.) So changing behavior is the core of changing organization management. Revitalization is one kind of organization change, it involves enhancing the abilities of and contributions made by, managers, workers, and the organization sa a whole to cope with an increasingly competitive environment. (Beer, M. 1990) In summary, I still have some deficiency during this change management simulation. For next time I am going to lead change, when I catch up with a changing opinion, I will notice all the company managers about it, to seek for their advisements. The core of organization changing is human’s behavior, if they agree with my initiative, it’s easy to change their behaviors. I think I should give every manager an equal chance to learn about my proposal and state their own opinion, this way is more acceptable for the managers. So I will hold town meeting first. Moreover, I would like to take some measures to persuade managers adopt my proposal, such as clarify organizational values and conduct private interviews. Finally, I will provide internal skill-building and external skill-building to the rest managers who still doesn’t agree with me, and I can also privately confront resisters to ask the reason he disagree with me. I think through improving what I listed above, I will enhance the efficiency of changing management and achieve most adaptors in shortest time. Reference Beer, M. 1990. The Critical Path to Corporate Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Beer, M., R. A. Eisenstat, and B. Spector. 1990. Why change programs don’t produce change. Harvard Business Review (November–December): 2-11. Beer, M., and N. Nohria. 2000. Breaking the Code of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Kotter, J., and D. Cohen. 2002. The Heart of Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Kanter, R. M., B. Stein, and T. D. Jick. 1992. The Challenge of Organizational Change: How Companies Experience It and Leaders Guide It. New York: Free Press.

Queen Elizabeth Rhetorical Analysis of Tilbury Speech

Queen Elizabeth’s speech invigorated the troops and ensured her faith in them and her capability as a leader through the use of repetition, juxtaposition, persuasion, amplification and diction. In the beginning sentence Elizabeth includes herself in the fight by using â€Å"we† thereby establishing a common ground with the troops. She uses emotional argument to instill a sense of nationalism. Elizabeth repeatedly refers to her people affectionately with phrases like â€Å"my loving people† (line 1) or â€Å"my faithful and loving people† (line 5).By complementing the soldiers, asserting nationalism, and giving them a purpose, she inspires them to proudly defend England. Queen Elizabeth reference’s God and country throughout the speech, evoking a strong sense of English patriotism through the use of repetition. The Queen juxtaposes her â€Å"weak and feeble† (line 14) form as a woman, to her strong spirit and bravery, likened to that of a king of England, thus further appealing to the audience’s nationalism. She elevates her status above the oppressing sexism of the times, she suggests that she is as capable of success as any shrewd, hard-stomached king.When speaking of the defense of the county, the Queen proposes that she herself will fight amongst them, Elizabeth repeats â€Å"myself† as amplification of her dedication to her country. Elizabeth places her full trust in her people, denouncing any thought of distrust. Her unwavering trust is a reassurance to her people. She does not feel the need to control and regulate her subjects for fear of rebellion, she gives them the power to defend and protect the homeland. Her people respect her for this and remain loyal to her. The final persuasion is promise of â€Å"rewards and crowns† (line 21) for those concerned with monetary and influential matters.The Queen promises to reward for valour and virtue on the battlefield. The repetition of â€Å"yourâ⠂¬  in the closing sentence serves as an appraisal and importance of the troops. Elizabeth uses the value of trust, nationalism, faith, relation, and material reward as a means to convince her troops to defend their homeland. By assimilating herself as their equal and asserting her willingness to give everything for her country, she makes the idea of dying in battle more comfortable to the soldiers. She gives them a cause, and they rise to the occasion.

Starbucks Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starbucks Analysis - Assignment Example In addition, the products of Starbucks are of high quality (Company spotlight: Starbucks 2010, p. 30). This is because Starbucks has been focusing to give its customers the best coffee and is not willing to compromise the quality. Notably, Starbucks also enjoys strategic locations and has an aesthetic appeal of its stores. This enables Starbucks to be accessible to customers from premium locations, high traffic regions, office buildings, and other countries with potential customers (Michelli 2007, p. 58). This enables Starbucks to take advantage of prime markets easily because of the design of the stores and the strategic location, presenting the customers with a level of convenience. The company has an effective human resource management team and strategies. This explains why its employees are highly knowledgeable and retained or long periods. The fact that Starbucks has social responsibility initiatives has led to goodwill among its customers, promoting the company’s sales. Lately, Starbucks has launched a diverse product mix, which will serve to satisfy the needs of different customers and is an outstanding strength. Worth noting is the fact that many customers of the Starbucks Company exhibit loyalty to the brand and have been regular customers for over 20 years. Moreover, Starbucks has also embraced technology and introduced mobile through its partnership with the Apple Company. The â€Å"App† makes use of either android or Apple software and contributes to the company’s growth (Senatore, Yang, & Wing 2011, p. 41). One of the notable weaknesses of the Starbucks Company is that its products are expensive. In the effort to give a unique Starbucks’s experience, Starbucks products are premium and may lack customers in the developing world. Worth noting is the fact that Starbucks has established numerous stores in certain regions leading to overcrowding. This eventually leads to self-cannibalization (Starbucks Corporation 2014, p. 15).

Characteristics of Language in Latino Community Essay

Characteristics of Language in Latino Community - Essay Example Latinos in the US are an example of a language community. Their main language is Spanish, but most of them adapted to English after they migrating to the US. Other than language, Latinos also share the same beliefs and cultural practices. The term Latino refers a section of the United States that originated from Latin America and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Latinos trace their history back in 1500 when Spaniards migrated to the US and settled in Texas, Florida and Mexico. Factors that contributed to their migration from Caribbean and Latin America in to the US included expansion of territory by the US, neoliberal economic policies in US, wars and military interventions, and forced cheap labour, among others.Moreover, the history of the Latinos has been overlooked and even forgotten in current discussions and debates over immigration, but it started developing in the late 1980s when more case studies were conducted in New York, Chicago, Texas, Los Angeles and other major cities. H owever, despite the fact that Latinos settled in the US and even adopted their culture, their proximity to the border, constant migration and close ties to their homeland helps them to replenish their culture (Stuart and Hirschberg 443).â€Å"Machismo† is a term that plays an important role among the Latino/Hispanic groups. They use it as a flattering word, which means courage to fight, honour and dignity, protecting ones name, keeping one’s word, respect for others, love for one’s family and affection for children....They use it as a flattering word, which means courage to fight, honour and dignity, protecting ones name, keeping one’s word, respect for others, love for one’s family and affection for children. It can also be used in order to influence a person’s behaviour and to distinguish between sexes. Other examples of word used by Latinos include Corazon which means heart in English, respecto-respect, dignidad-dignity, afecto-warmth and demonstratives, and sensibilidad-sensitivity. The Latinos are said to avoid competition or activities that set them apart from their own group. They claim that standing out among one’s peers places a person in great jeopardy; thus, it should be avoided as much as possible. Latinos say that European Americans are not trustworthy; hence, they teach their children to treat them with a lot of hostility and fear. For this reason, Latinos children do not believe that European Americans professionals want the best for them. Moreover, Stuart and Hirschberg (445), claim that Latinos children are not good at expressing themselves verbally; thus, they are not able to express their emotions to their friends, adults and authority figures. Properties of the Latino language community Since the Latinos started migrating into the US, their population has increased dramatically. Stuart and Hirschberg (448) claim that Latinos were estimated to reach 40 million and become the largest minority g roup in the US by 2010. The most affected states where Latinos have dominated are; New York, California, Texas and Florida. They are now transforming the Unite States into Latino dominated region due their increasing population. Also, they have significantly influenced culture, politics and economy of many states in the US.

Social work dessertation proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social work dessertation - Thesis Proposal Example eption of the FSP in relation to the social life of their workers ,the roles they play, there relevance among others .It will also highlight the challenges the FSP face and how these challenges are mitigated. To complete the dissertation ,there will be use of a wide range of recourses, one of them will be articles written on the above topic, this could be by morgue attendants, the public or interested parties on the topic ,this articles may have been published or not. Secondly books will also be used in the collecting any relevant material, books carry relevant information that can be defended by the users at any given time, they are detailed and reliable too. Thirdly, magazines and newspapers are likely to provide a substantial number of information for the study. Journal articles and funeral service websites will subsequently be used to gather information. However there is very limited research done on the above topic, this factor should encourage researches to research and publish more articles and books on the same. II) Distribution of FSP ; this will carry out an analysis of FSB distribution ,what is the relationship between the populating size and the number of FSP, what factors contribute to the setting up of such, what process does a FSP undergo before being legalized , What is the mode of recruitment of its workers III) Management; This will cover the administration system at FSP, the pricing of the institutions, should such institution belong to the government, challenges faced by FSP and ways of tackling the challenges. IV) Services offered by FSP.: The kind of services offered, the major ones and subsequent services ,do they add value to the dead, how do they console the relative s of the bereaved, do they advertise their services and what incentives do they offer

Describe a Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Describe a Place - Essay Example Its features give an objective idea of the pre-historic world. There is so much for the tourists to visit the Okefenokee Swamp Park including wilderness walkways, wildlife shows and exhibits, Pioneer Island, visits to original Indian Waterways on boats and the preserved natural habitat of the native animals and birds. (Barrett) has recorded the statistics about wildlife in the Okefenokee Swamp in her article some of which are discussed here. A total of 64 species of reptiles are found in the Okefenokee Swamp, of which the alligator happens to be one. These cold-blooded animals find the climate and environment of the Okefenokee Swamp perfectly suited to their needs. There are also 12 different species of snakes in the Okefenokee Swamp that include both poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. Some of the extremely rare species of snakes like the copperhead snake also lives in the Okefenokee Swamp. The park also contains 50 species of mammals and 235 species of

Nursing the Patient in Pain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing the Patient in Pain - Essay Example Searches will be made based upon these 5 aspects of epidural anaesthesia, using as a beginning the references supplied by Chumbley and Thomas. Epidural analgesia is now a commonly used technique used to manage the acute pain which comes after surgery, usually being a planned procedure, the best time to consider postoperative pain relief actually being before surgery begins. The method first became available in the 1960s ( Klein, 2011) and has increased in use especially since the1980s (Wheatley et al, 2001). Usually it is given for from 2 to 5 days postoperatively , this depending upon the surgery type undergone. After this period the patient should have recovered enough to cope with oral medication for their pain relief. ( Chumbley and Thomas, 2010, page 40). ... ffectively, according to evidence based practice, this method reduces any risk of major adverse outcomes according to Chumbley and Thomas ( 2010, page 35). Both opioids and local anaesthetics can be used . These medications can however themselves produce serious, possibly fatal, side effects. Usually the epidural cannula will be put in place while the patient is still in the operating theatre. The role of the attending nurse is to monitor and assess patients receiving epidural anaesthetics, and to work with the evidence obtained , reporting any possible causes for concern, and so work towards preventing the development of these adverse effects. The College of Anaesthetists ( 2004 , 4.1) describe how it is the responsibility of the department of anaesthetics to ensure that properly qualified staff and appropriate protocols are in place in order that epidural analgesia can be undertaken safely and effectively with the anaesthetist, pharmacy and nursing staff working together. The epidu ral space into which the medication is inserted by a doctor is the potential space between the outer membrane, the dura mater, surrounding the spine and the bony vertebrae. This space contains blood vessels, nerves, connective tissues and fat. The nerves which are present work in various ways, such as passing on messages regarding movement. They also relay messages via the sympathetic nervous system to the brain about pain, touch, and temperature. This potential epidural space is present from the base of the skull down as far as the sacrum, but the spinal cord itself only extends as far as the second lumber vertebrae ( Macintyre and Schug, 2007). The patient is usually placed with their spine curved as this makes insertion somewhat easier. The needle is pushed in until it reaches the hard

War Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

War Films - Essay Example It is evident that before the Pearl Harbor attack, both civilians and soldiers experienced varied social conflicts. For that reason, there is a struggle between the opposing ends. In the movie From Here to Eternity, there is a conflict between soldiers of high ranks and those of lower ones. According to the plot of the movie, the low-ranking officials feel that the high-ranking officers abuse their authority. As a result, they regularly show opposition to this behavior. A good example presents itself through Prewitt, who apart from being a low-ranking officer is, according to this movie, depicted as a just and cultured person. Contrarily, some military officers especially those of higher ranks find especial delight in mistreating him. In response, he defies their command as a way of defending his dignity (James Jones, From Here to Eternity). In addition, the movies reveal that a conflict existed between the men and women as to who is superior to another in a marriage union. The movies portray males as irresponsible parties as far as marriage is concerned. It shows that men perceive women as lesser partners in marital affairs, and this leads to a struggle by women to win respect in the society. At times, when this degradation is too much, women resort to revenge as a way of consoling their ego. For example, Karen, Captain Dana’s wife, is considerably bitter about her marriage, given the fact that her husband undermines her dignity, both as an individual as well as a wife. In response, she openly shows disrespect for the husband and goes about having affair with other men as a way of retaliation. Karen exemplifies civilians who fight to protect their dignity. Concisely, the movies portray the American society riddled with social corruption, at both the military and civic level, and it was only until the attack that a number of positive changes took place. The movies show that during the war, men, instead

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Ball Mill Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Ball Mill Essay Ball mill is the key equipment for grinding after the crush process, and it is widely used in the manufacture industries, such as cement, silicate, new building material, refractory material, fertilizer, ferrous metal, nonferrous metal and glass ceramics, and ball mill also can be used for the dry and wet grinding for all kinds of ores and other grind-able materials. 1, The impact of media materialThe generally used crushing media mateial include: various mine materials (manganese, copper, tungsten ore, chrome ore, etc. ), various types of stone (limestone, granite, gneiss, basalt, gray rock, etc. and industry coal used in power. The hardness of the media is the main basis that determines the liner plate wear, the higher hardness of the media, the shorter service life of the liner, on the contrary, if the media is with a lower hardness, the service life of the liner will be prolonged. 2, The impact of operating conditions1) Eliminate defects not timely. 2) Adjusting undeservedly makes the ball mill running at a short positions. 3, The impact of liner materialThe main parameters affecting the anti-wear effect is matching of the two index of hardness and impacting toughness of liner material. If the liner plate has a higher hardness, which means it has a good wear resistance, and the two factor basically is a proportional relationship. The impacting energy depends on the size of the diameter of steel ball and grinding tube. 4, the impact of the ball mills designing and manufacturing and the installing quality. The performance of the lining plate generally include the following two: one is to protect the cylinder; another is that the liner plate rotates at a specific speed to raise the ball to the required height to achieve the desired effect. The quality of the liner plate is also direct factor affecting the normal operation of the mill. Those above are the main factors affecting ball mill liners, we recommend that you should firstly consult the expert before you buy a ball mill. And youd better go to the manufacturers with strength production and reputable brand purchase. The structure is divided into integral type and freestanding type. Advantages of the machine are lower investment, energy saving, structure novelty, easy and safe to operate, stable and reliable performance, etc. It is suitable for mixing and milling of general and special materials.

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay Example for Free

Prison Term Policy Recommendation Essay As the criminologist advisor to a member of the Pennsylvania state legislature, I have been selected to conduct research for a bill that would double the maximum prison term for anyone convicted of armed robbery. The bill is popular however it is unknown if it will do much good. It is my job to make recommendations in regards to whether the bill being voted on will be beneficial to everyone in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The prison term policies are sentencing guidelines that are created by Congress and the State Legislature to provide judges with bases for sentencing those individuals found guilty of committing a crime to ensure that each person is treated equal without discrimination (sentencing guidelines, 2010). There are four offenses that make up what is known as violent crime which are murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program a violent crime is any crime that involves force or threat of force to others (Department of Justice, 2006). Currently the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania’s prison terms for armed robbery are as follows: for the first offense of a violent crime a minimum of five years, for a second offense of a violent crime a minimum of 10 years, and for the third offense of a violent crime a minimum of 25 years total confinement or life imprisonment which is accordance with 42 Pa. C.S.  §9714 (Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, 2008). Pennsylvania’s Uniform Crime Reporting tracks all forms of Robbery together. According to the Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System, in 2008 there were 18,751 reported robbery offenses which is equivalent to 51 per day or one every 28 minutes and 2 seconds (PA UCRS, 2008). These figures showed a decrease of 2.5% from 2007 which had 19,239 reported robberies (PA UCRS, 2008). Robbery made up 5.4% of the crime index and 37.2%  of the violent crime index in Pennsylvania in the year 2008 (PA UCRS, 2008). The reported robbery rates in Pennsylvania in 2008 were 150.6 per 100,000 inhabitants (PA UCRS, 2008). Recidivism is defined as a habitual relapse into crime, which is a problem that is faced within the criminal justice system. Pennsylvania tracks information on inmates released in order to find the recidivism rates. In 2002 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections released 1,711 inmates charged with robbery and within three years 46.6% returned to prison, which was a decline from 2000 when 1,776 inmates charged for robbery were released and 52.8% of the inmates returned within three years (PADOC, 2006). A study was conducted in Italy in 2006 when the Collective Clemency Bill set all inmates with less than three years remaining on their sentence free however if the inmates were convicted of another crime within the next five years, the remainder of their sentence would be added onto the new sentence. This allowed studies to be conducted to see if longer prison terms would deter criminals. Studies showed that increasing the sentence by 50% should reduce recidivism rates by about 35% in seven months (Crime/Punishment, 2010). With inmates comes a bill to cover the housing, feeding, and medical costs of each inmate. The cost to house a prisoner in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC) is $ 69 per day (Barnes, 2010). In July 2010 the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections housed 51,281 inmates, at $69 per day that amounts to $3,538,389 per day or $1,291,151,985 per year (PADOC, 2010). There are multiple benefits of the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. The study that was conducted in Italy shows that longer prison sentences lowers the recidivism rates among offenders, which over time would reduce the population of the already over populated prisons. The criminals would be off the streets for a longer period of time preventing them from committing future crimes. Longer prison sentences could be a deterrent for some criminals. Robbery is one of the top two violent crimes committed in Pennsylvania and the longer sentence imposed on those criminals may lower the rate of armed robbery however it could cause an increase in other crimes. If the bill were passed and new prisons built to accommodate all inmates there would be more jobs available such as corrections officers, nurses, doctors, dentists, psychologists, and office personnel. These job openings would not only assist with job market, but also with having mo re  tax payers to assist with the money needed for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania budget. There are also multiple disadvantages to the bill being passed to double the maximum prison term for those convicted of armed robbery. Pennsylvania prisons are overpopulated as it is and by imposing longer sentences the problem is going to continue to get worse. As discussed earlier the prison population in June 2010 was 51,281 however the occupational bed capacity of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is only 43,872 (PADOC, 2010). The prisons are already operating at 116.9% of capacity and by passing this bill those rates are going to increase at a more rapid pace than they already are (PADOC, 2010). As discussed earlier the cost to house an inmate in Pennsylvania Department of Corrections is $69 per day which if this bill is passed a much larger budget is going to be required because inmates are going to be housed for a longer period of time. The need may arise for more prisons due to the longer prison terms which would require a much larger budget. With more prisons comes the need for more employees to operate those prisons which also is going to have an effect on the prison budget. Where is the money going to come from to meet the increase in the budget? The tax payers are the ones that are going to have to suffer to make the funding available for the prison system budget. Other crime rates may rise as a domino effect because criminals may turn to other crimes that are known to carry a lighter sentence if they are caught. If the bill is passed it is not required that judges sentence those convicted of the crime to the maximum sentence. Judges are required to look at mitigating and aggravating circumstances when sentencing individuals found guilty of committing crimes. Judges look at prior criminal history, personal life situation, was anyone hurt during the crime, or sometimes the remorse the person shows toward the crime they committed. This bill could be beneficial in the cases of habitual offenders because there would be stricter sentencing for the first offense rather than having to wait until the second or even third offense. As we all know with anything there is pros and cons. There appears to be more cons in this situation than there are pros which should make the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania legislature take a second look into whether or not passing this bill is going to be the most beneficial thing for the Commonwealth as a whole. I would find that it would not be beneficial to double the maximum sentence for those individuals  charged with committing armed robbery. The evidence shows that it would cost the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania more money to double the sentence for armed robbery. The evidence also proves that close to 50% of people convicted of armed robbery are going to reoffend which is going to bring them back to the criminal justice system and with one offense already committed they will receive a longer sentence the second time around. This also allows for those who are actually capable of being rehabilitated to have the chance to prove themselves without having to spend 10 years in pri son. References Barnes, T. (2010). Post-Gazette. Pa. sentencing guidelines eyed. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10002/1025303-454.stm Crime/Punishment (2010). Do stiffer sentences act as a crime deterrent? Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://crime.about.com/od/prevent/a/deterrence.htm Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation (2006). Crime in the United States 2004. Violent Crime. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/offenses_reported/violent_crime/index.html Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing (2008). Retrieved August 31, 2010 from http://pcs.la.psu.edu/guidelines/sentencing/sentencing-statutes-and-programs/related-statutes/mandatory-minimum-sentences/SentMandMin122008.pdf Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2010). Monthly population report June 2010. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/monthly_population_reports/568195 Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (2006). Recidivism in Pennsylvania State Correctional Institutions 1999-2004. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://www.cor.st ate.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/research___statistics/10669/annual_reports/567085 Pennsylvania Uniform Crime Reporting System (2008). Annual Report Robbery. Retrieved on August 31, 2010 from http://ucr.psp.state.pa.us/UCR/Reporting/Annual/AnnualFrames.asp?year=2008 Sentencing guidelines (2010). Retrieved August 30, 2010 from http://www.willdefend.com/CM/Custom/TOCSentencingGuidelines.asp

Market Demand For Gasoline Economics Essay

Market Demand For Gasoline Economics Essay a) Analyze the market demand for the product or service and draw the demand curve. In the demand curve you are required to show different amounts of quantity demanded at different price with quantity in the horizontal axis and price on the vertical axis. Mention 3 factors that can affect the demand for this product or service. The product that I choose is gasoline. Gasoline is elastic goods which means, the quantity demanded for gasoline are respond greatly when the prices is changes. Market demand means by adding together the quantities demanded by all individuals at each price. The graph above has shown the market demand for the gasoline. MARKET DEMAND FOR GASOLINE Price of gasoline Lisa Mira Market demand 1 12 8 20 2 9 7 16 3 7 6 13 4 4 4 8 5 3 2 5 6 2 1 3 7 1 0 1 DEMAND CURVE FOR GASOLINE From this graph, we can see the relationship between the price and quantity is negative. At price $4, the quantity demanded for gasoline is 8 units. When the price increasing to $5, the quantity demanded has decreasing to 5 units. And when the price has gone down to $3, the quantity demanded for gasoline has increasing to 13 units. We have 3 factors that can affect the demand for gasoline. Firstly is the average income of consumers. When people income rises, consumers tend to purchase more automobile. So, the demand for gasoline also will be increases. Secondly is the size of market. When the number of population is high, people tend to use more gasoline for their transportation. Example like, in Malaysia, we have 2 million people. So people tend to use 25 times more gasoline than Singapore only has 1 million people. Lastly is price of related goods. Availability of related goods or complementary goods such as natural gas will affect the demand for gasoline also. b) Analyze the market supply for the product or service and draw the demand curve. In the supply curve, you are required to show the quantity demanded at different prices. You are also required to name 3 factors of production for the good or service you choose. Market supply is the sum of all individual supplies at each possible price. Gasoline is elastic good for supplier. The graph above has shown the market supply for the gasoline. MARKET SUPPLY FOR GASOLINE Price of gasoline Diana Catherine Market supply 1 0 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 3 5 4 4 4 8 5 6 7 13 6 7 10 17 7 9 11 20 SUPPLY CURVE FOR GASOLINE The 3 factor of production for gasoline is: Land. It includes the soil, rivers,  Ã‚   lakes, ocean, mountain, forest, minerals and resource.   Capital. Capital goods are classified into four. Firstly is fixed capital, secondly, circulating capital, thirdly is free capital, and lastly is specialized capital. Labor is an exertion of physical, muscular strength, ability and mental efforts of individual. What is equilibrium? Find the equilibrium price and quantity of the product or service and draw its graph. You need to explain what happens when there is a surplus for this product or service and show it in a separate graph. Equilibrium refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. At that equilibrium, there is no tendency for the price to rice or fall. Equilibrium price means the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. The equilibrium price is also called the market-clearing price. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. Equilibrium quantity means the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price. On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect. EQUILIBRIUM Price of gasoline ($) Quantity of demanded Quantity of supplied 1 20 1 2 16 3 3 13 5 4 8 8 5 5 13 6 3 17 7 1 20 THE EQUILIBRIUM OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR GASOLINE GRAPH FOR SURPLUS Surplus occurs when the price more than the equilibrium price and the quantity supplied more than the quantity demanded. There is excess supply or a surplus. Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales, thereby moving toward equilibrium. Refer to the graph above, we can see the surplus occurs when the price increase to $6. At $6, the quantity of supplier is 17 and the quantity demanded is 3. Thats means, at the price, the suppliers want to sell more than demanders want to buy. When price of gasoline at $4 and the quantity supplier is 8 units, we call it equilibrium because at this price, the quantity of demand and quantity of suppliers is equal. When surplus occurs, we will loss in revenue and price will gradually falls to reach a state of equilibrium as suppliers will lower their price. d) Using the secondary data, show the changes of the demand and supply of these goods and service in the past and explain the result in word and then draw a graph. The price of gasoline in year 1973 has decrease to 1.5 dollars per gallon, compare to the previous year; in 1967 the price is 1.8 dollars per gallon. Then, in year 1975, the price has goes up to 2 dollar per gallon. That time we call is the first oil shock occurs. And then, the second oil shock occurs in 1983 with the price increases to 2.8 dollars per gallon. In 1985, the price of gasoline has decrease to 1.4 dollars per gallon and then its decrease the price to 2 dollar gain in 1990 when the first gulf war occurs. Lastly, in 2004, when the war in Iraq occurs, they have not many changes to the price of gasoline. The graph above has show the fluctuated price of gasoline. Refers to the graph, we can see the demand of gasoline has decreases when the price has increase because gasoline is an elastic goods. People can use gas when the price of gasoline increases. The supplier also increases when the price of gasoline is increases. GRAPH FOR GASOLINE 2) Distinguish the difference between normal good and inferior good? Give 3 examples for each. Normal good is a quantity demanded for a particular good or service as a result of changes in the given level of income. A normal good is one that experiences an increase in demand as the real income of an individual or economy increase. To define a normal good is by calculating its income of demand. If this Coe-efficient is positive and lower than one, the good is considered to be a normal good. An example of normal good is: luxury cars mobile phone Television. Inferior goods means a type of good for which demand decline as the level of income or real GDP in the economy increases. This occurs when a good has more costly substitutes that see an increase in demand as the societys economy improves. An inferior good is the opposite of a normal good, which experience an increase in demand along with increases in the income level. An example of an inferior good is: public transportation hamburger Secondhand television. In your opinion, is diamond a normal good or an inferior good? Justify your answer. Diamond is a normal good because when the income raises, the demand for diamond also rises and vice versa. Diamond is such one of the luxuries good. Only some people who have a high income are afford to purchase it. Beside that, when the price of diamond is fall, the demand for the diamond will be increases. Thats means; people are willing to buy a diamond when the price is going down. Thats what we call a normal good. c) Product x and y are substitutes and product y is an inferior product. What is the effect of an increase in the income on the demand of product y? How the change in the demand of product y affects the demand for product x? Draw the diagram for both product x and y and show the changes of demand curves in them. Product x and y are substitutes and product y is an inferior product. When the income increases, the demand for product y will be decrease because when the consumer has a high income, the demand also increases. They prefer to choose a normal good compare to the inferior good. Lets say, when the incomes are normal, consumers prefer to eat a hamburger, but when their income increases, they prefer to go to restaurant to eat a healthy food. Thats means, the demand for hamburgers are decreases when the income rises. When the demand of product y is decreases, the demand for product x will be increases because consumer are consume to buy a product x much more than product y. It can show at the graph below: Product x Product y 3) The table below illustrates how the total utility that Ahmed derives from eating ice-cream changes as he consumes more and more ice cream each day. Fill in the table above. Ice-cream Total utility Marginal utility 0 0 0 1 12 12 2 22 10 3 28 6 4 32 4 5 34 2 b) Draw a diagram and explain the law of diminishing marginal utility for Ahmed. Law of diminishing marginal utility for Ahmed i) Total utility ii) Marginal utility The law of diminishing marginal utility means, as the amount of a good increases, the marginal utility of that good tends to diminish. When we consume more and more good, our total utility will grow at a slower and slower rate. Growth in total utility slows because our marginal utility diminishes as more of the good is consumed. For Ahmed, at one consumption of ice-cream, the total utility is 12 and the marginal utility or their satisfaction is 12, but as he consume 2 or more ice-cream, the marginal utility has falls. By the law of diminishing marginal utility, the marginal utility falls with increasing levels of consumption. 4) Differentiate market economy, command economy, and mix economy. Market economy is a system of allocating resource based only on the interaction of market forces, such as supply and demand. A true market economy is free of governmental influence, collusion and other external interference. We also call it a laissez faire style. The individuals and private sector firms make major decision about production and consumption. Thats a private ownership of resources. The price and market systems are used to coordinate and direct economy activity. Consumers would determine and influence the producers decisions to produce goods. In this form of economic organization, firms, motivated by the desire to maximize profit, buy inputs and produce and sells output. Household, armed with their factor incomes, go to markets and determines the demand for commodities. The interaction of firms supply and household demand then determines the prices and quantities of goods. Command economy is an economy where supply and price are regulated by the government rather than market forces. Government planners decide which goods and services they want produced and how they are distributed. Sometimes we call it centrally planned economy. That is a public ownership of all recourse. Decision making is through central economic planning. Everything is controlled by the government. Mixed economy is an economy system in which both the private enterprise and a degree of state monopoly coexist. All modern economics are mixed where means of production are shared between the private and public sector. We also called it a dual economy system. Mixed economy is a dominant form of economic organization in noncommunist countries. Mixed economies rely primarily on the price system for their economic organization but use a variety of government interventions such as taxes, spending and regulation to handle macroeconomic instability and market failures. b) Do you agree with the contention that mixed economy is the best of all the three system? Yes, I agree that mixed economy is the best of all the three system because in a mixed type economy, both, the private ownership as well as the state takes part in the means of production, distribution and other type of economic activities. The mixed economy allows private participation in the field of production in an environment of competition with an objective of attaining profit. On the contrary following to the socialism features it includes public ownership in production for maximizing social welfare. Simply in such type of economy there is the presence of private economic freedom with centralized planning with a common goal of avoiding the problems associated with both capitalism as well as socialism. In this system, the freedom in the economic activities are influenced by the government regulation and licensing policies.

Boxer vs. American Staffordshire Terrier Essay -- Animal Research

What makes these two dogs so similar is that they are two of the top most popular breeds here in the United States. It has been said that dogs is man's best friend, and because of this, it makes them great companions. These two breeds, the Boxer and the American Staffordshire terrier fit very easily into family life. When an owner tells his dog that he is a good boy, the dog happily wags its tail. Then, there are those times when an owner has to discipline his dog, the dog, then creeps away with that sad puppy dog look on its face. According to Jill Viers, "a dog will love you unconditionally; it will be there until the end. Doesn't it deserve the same when it is truly man's best friend" (Viers) Both of these breeds the Boxer, and the American Staffordshire terrier; have similar, but different in their ancestry, appearance, grooming and maintained; it is what makes both of these two breeds so desirable. For starts, the Boxer and American Staffordshire terrier were both first used to dogfights and bull-baiting until it was banned in the early 1900s. The Boxer was first breed in the early 19th century, they used them for dog fighting, bull-baiting and to run down and hold large game for their master. They received their name because of their ability to stand on their hind legs and bat at its opponent, appearing to box with its front paws, hence the name Boxer. Then, later in Germany, the Boxer became the breed for their intellect and muscular strength. Boxer is from a Mastiff and a bulldog breed together. Later in Germany, they were used guard and police dogs as they were very alert. After World War 1, the Boxer came to America, where their popularity in the states. Whereas, American Staffordshire terrier has a backgro... ... well as a good family pet. The Boxer also has another advantage over the American Staffordshire, and that it is excellent with all children. Finally, the Boxer also does well with other pets in the household. Not like the American Staffordshire terrier, where it needs raised with the family from puppy hood. Works Cited American kennel club-american staffordshire terrier. www.akc.org, n.d. Web. 21 June 2011. . American kennel club-boxer.www.akc.org, 2005 March 30. Web.21 June 2011.. Bulldog-Boxer. In bulldog breeds.com, 29 June 2010. Web. 21 June 2011. . Dog breeds american staffordshire terriers. In five star dog.com, n.d. Web. 21 June 2011. .

Dehumanization and Freedom in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougla

Dehumanization and Freedom in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass    The issue of slavery in antebellum America was not black and white. Generally people in the North opposed slavery, while inhabitants of the South promoted it. However, many people were indifferent. Citizens in the North may have seen slavery as neither good nor bad, but just a fact of Southern life. Frederick Douglass, knowing the North was home to many abolitionists, wrote his narrative in order to persuade these indifferent Northern residents to see slavery as a degrading practice. Douglass focuses on dehumanization and freedom in order to get his point across. Frederick Douglass emphasizes the dehumanization aspect of slavery throughout his narrative. As is the general custom in slavery, Douglass is separated from his mother early in infancy and put under the care of his grandmother. He recalls having met his mother several times, but only during the night. She would make the trip from her farm twelve miles away just to spend a little time with her child. She dies when Douglass is about seven years old. He is withheld from seeing her in her illness, death, and burial. Having limited contact with her, the news of her death, at the time, is like a death of a stranger. Douglass also never really knew the identity of his father and conveys a feeling of emptiness and disgust when he writes, "the whisper that my master was my father, may or may not be true; and, true or false, it is of but little consequence to my purpose" (Douglass, 40). Douglass points out that many slave children have their masters as their father. In these times, frequently the master would take advantage of female slaves and the children born to the slave w... ... the abolitionist movement is fueled by reading The Liberator, a newspaper that stirs his soul in fighting for the anti-slavery cause. While attending an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket on August 11, 1841, Douglass, with encouragement from Mr. William C. Coffin, speaks for the first time to a white audience about slavery. In conclusion, Frederick Douglass starts his life as a slave determined to get his freedom. At the end of his life, he is one of the foremost figures of the abolitionist movement. Douglass' narrative takes advantage of the literal advantage in order to abolish slavery. Through depictions of dehumanization and freedom, Frederick Douglass' narrative is instrumental in swaying the views of the indifferent Northern residents. Work Cited: Douglas, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas. New York: Signet, 1968.

The Philosophy of Man

The Philosophy of Man â€Å"What is man that You take thought of him, And the son of man that You care for him? † (NASB1995) This verse is taken from Psalm 8:4, I cited this verse on the account of my wonder and curiosity on what really is man? I guess this question has already been brought up years ago by scribes, teachers, politicians, scientist and even philosophers. Even David, the man after God’s own heart has also asked on what is on this man that even the God of universe is so fond of him. With all reasons, judgments, questions has been clashed, I have no better answer than other great philosophers.But let me try to expound my idea on this notion truthfully. There are many definitions of man. Some says that man is a rational animal. Others would say that man is a being and has a special place in the universe on the account of their abilities and level of reasoning. While others argued that one thing to observe that humans are but a tiny aspect of the universe and even of life on our own planet. Whatever their justifications may be, I hold unto this one truth that I believe in, Man is created in the image and likeness of God.I’m not saying this because I am a Christian but because I have learned not to depend solely on the knowledge of this world but on the wisdom from God. By simply understanding that man is created in the image and likeness of God, then surely man has a great value. Therefore, every human being is bestowed with dignity and his sense of being. I believe that we are all equal here; sinners or saints, rich or poor are all given by dignity. Thus, one cannot say that I am better off with the others. Man is a spiritual being because of the spiritual acts that he does.This includes intellection and reasoning. Indeed, man is a rational animal. Man is formed as the highest creation since being rational, he can think more, he is free to choose and decide, he can explore, and he can do all things according to his goal that wil l lead him to happiness as well  as to see the good. Moreover, by its uniqueness, soul is  the source of the  things of man  can do what other cannot do. Each one is  unique and thus each one can be distinguished by each soul that describe who you are. Taking up Philosophy of Man subject has been subject to my queries before.Why do we have to take up this when our field is on medical and nursing. It was later then that I realized that this course subject is vital because it gives us a thorough understanding on our patients especially the dignity of humans. Astounding as it was, I found this subject to be a challenging one because it harnessed the way we think and reason out. It taught us to examine ourselves, to look beyond one perspective and to dug deeper. Another essential attribute of man is his freewill. Freewill is the capacity to choose.If by the word â€Å"free† one means that people have the ability to make certain choices on their own free from compulsion, force, or coercion then the answer is â€Å"yes. † For example, people have the ability to choose to go to the store or stay home, to buy a newspaper or not, to eat beef or to eat fish, etc. such choices are within the natural capacity of human beings. People are free to act according to their nature. We humans are moved not by instinct but ideas. I think that this is one of the greatest attribute in man.We are not robots controlled by any manual operations or animals driven by instinct. Yes, we are creations but our creator never imposed on us but give us freewill. I have also pondered out that man is a seeker of happiness. We are all different but we also have something in common and that is our pursuit of happiness. We study hard, get a decent job, find a partner, start our own family, these are all means to gain happiness. Happiness, we all know, comes with the possession of some good; but where, or, in the possession of what good is perfect happiness to be found.However , there’s one thing that I’ve realized, no matter how happy we could be in this world, we would not be content because we are made for something eternal. To be loved is to be known and to be known is to be loved. Man is called to love and communion. I guess this is the basis of our morality everything which is governed by love. Man is not made to be alone. That is why Eve was created for Adam. I truly believed that there is no greater joy to love and be loved in return. Love enables a person to be good and self-giving which creates the good of persons and of communities.

Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State Essay

This article argues that the first domestic institution in human history was not the family but the matrilineal clan. Engels here follows Lewis H. Morgan’s thesis as outlined in his major book, Ancient Society. Morgan was an American business lawyer who championed the land rights of Native Americans and became adopted as an honorary member of the Seneca Iroquois tribe. Traditionally, the Iroquois had lived in communal longhouses based on matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence, an arrangement giving women much solidarity and power. When nonhuman primate society and earliest human society, identifying sexual competition and the â€Å"jealousy of the male† as the vital issue that needed to be overcome to allow the emergence of the oldest form of family involving â€Å"group marriage†. Primitive communism was based in the matrilineal clan where women lived with their classificatory sisters – applying the principle that â€Å"my sister’s child is my child†. This kinship solidarity empowered women to take action against uncooperative males. Engels identified the â€Å"world historic defeat of the female sex† – the switch from what he called â€Å"mother-right† to â€Å"father-right† – with the onset of farming and pastoralism. This shift from matrilocality to patrilocality manifested itself in men’s increased control in the home. Engels wrote: â€Å"The man took command in the home also.† The book begins with an extensive discussion of Ancient Society which describes the major stages of human development as commonly understood in Engels’ time. In contrast to other contemporary essays on the subject, Engels emphasizes the importance not of primitive psychological development but rather of soc ial relations of power and control over material resources, sometimes related to the development of new technologies. Morgan, whose account of prehistory Engels largely accepts as given, focuses primarily on the first two stages  of Savagery and Barbarism but only ventures as far as the transition into Civilization. The terms Savagery and Barbarism as used by Morgan were meant to be objective and not terms of derision or disparagement as they might be assumed to be then or now. The Pairing Family, first indications of pairing are found in families where the husband has one primary wife. Inbreeding is practically eradicated by the prevention of a marriage between two family members who were even just remotely related, while relationships also start to approach monogamy. Property and economics begin to play a larger part in the family, as a pairing family had responsibility for the ownership of specific goods and property. Polygamy is still common amongst men, but no longer amongst women since their fidelity would ensure the child’s legitimacy. Women have a superior role in the family as keepers of the household and guardians of legitimacy. The pairing family is the form characteristic of the lower stages of barbarism. However, at this point, when the man died his inheritance was still given to his gens, rather than to his offspring. Engels refers to this economic advantage for men coupled with the woman’s lack of rights to lay claim to possessions for herself or her children (who became hers after a separation) as the overthrow of mother-right which was â€Å"the world historical defeat of the female sex†. For Engels, ownership of property created the first significant division between men and women in which the woman was inferior. It develops from the pairing family, as we have already shown, during the time of transition from the middle to the higher stage of barbarism. Its final victory is one of the signs of beginning civilization. It is founded on male supremacy for the pronounced purpose of breeding children of indisputable paternal lineage. The latter is required, because these children shall later on inherit the fortune of their father. The monogamous family is distinguished from the pairing family by the far greater durability of wedlock, which can no longer be dissolved at the pleasure of either party. As a rule, it is only the man who can still dissolve it and cast off his wife.

Blameless Macbeth Essay

Macbeth, a tragic play by William Shakespeare, involves the downfall of a military hero, Macbeth. Our hero, however, is not to blame for his own fate à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the downfall of Macbeth is the result of the actions by those around him. Three evil withes foretell that Macbeth will become Thane of DCawdor and even King of Scotland. Macbeth dismissed their prophecies, but after he is promoted to Thane of Cawdor for military action, Macbeth wonders if he shall not be King, too. Macbeth is a good and loyal kinsman who would never harm his King. Were it not for outside forces, he would have lived happily as Thane of Cawdor, an illustrious title in itself. Macbeth does not even want to kill King Duncan. He says à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½chance may crown me without my stir.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fearing the withes message means that he will kill the king in the future, he says à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Present fears are less than horrible imaginings.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Macbeth writes to his wife, telling her about the withes and how one prophecy has already come true. As soon as she hears about it, she calls on evil spirits to fill her full of cruelty so that she will the King if necessary. Macbeth, one the other hand, does not like a possible future by the withes prophecy: that he will kill his King. This shows the difference between Lord and Lady Macbeth. It is only after much nagging and cajoling from his wife that he decides to go through with it, and then halfheartedly. His wife uses insults, demeans him, and makes him feel less than a man, so Macbeth finally gives in. While Lady Macbeth is the one who sets the ball rolling, to use an analogy, it was the witches that put the ball at the top of the hill,. The three withes are a physical manifestation of evil. They conspire to kill as many mortals as possible, under their à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½superior,à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Hecate. Using their evil ability to see into the future, they can tell that by using Macbeth as a tool for destruction, the maximum destructiveness will be reached. To get Macbeth to do their evil biddings, the first influence this seed of evil into his mind. By giving Macbeth that prophecy, they ensure that their plans will work.The prophecy is a self fulfilling one: for the future to be as it turns out to be, someone must know of it. That person is Macbeth./ The withes plan probably would not have worked if they hadnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t counted on the ruthless ambition of Lady Macbeth. After he meets the witches, Macbeth thinks out the idea of killing Duncan calmly and rationally, then eventually decides not to do the deed. This is both morally good as well as sensible: an usurper would not be able to hold an unsteady throne for long. Some of the evil of the play Macbeth, however, is attributable only to himself and can be blamed on no-one else. The murders of Banquo and Macduffà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s family are his fault alone: his paranoid tendencies alone are the reasons for the murder. Macbethà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s murder of Banquo is due basically to the fact that Macbeth does not want all of his work to go to Banquo, and he is paid back for this by being tormented by his ghost. Macbeth kills Macduff and his family: some of which is unnecessary evil alone. The witches tell Macbeth to fear Macduff, his true enemy, but the murder of his whole family is a pointless monstrosity. Macbeth is ion the precipice of instability, and the murder of the family of Macduff is the start of after he has fallen in. Macbeth tends to get rash and indecisive as the play goes on. First he is swayed by Lady Macbeth, and then he seems to act very illogically. This is another facet of his paranoia. Macbeth wants to stay king, so he hires murderers to slay all who oppose him. In the last act he becomes crueler and crueler, lashing out with feverish intensity at all those around him, even those trying to help him and innocent bystanders. That last statement is not just metaphysical, though: Macbeth is diseased of both the mind and sol. In conclusion, Macbeth is both a victim of external forces and some of his fate. The withes and his wife are both evil influences on him in the first part of the play. In the last acts, however, he is in control, but he exercises this power badly. Like most tragedies, Macbeth, the main character, has a fatal flaw in his character. Macbethà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s hamartia is the fact that he is too sharing in his ambition. He opens up his path in life to include others as well, namely the withes and his wife. After that event, the true Macbeth is gone, another traveler on the road of evil. This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/ This document was downloaded from Coursework.Info – The UK’s Coursework Database – http://www.coursework.info/

How does language allow self-reflection

How does language allow self-reflection? BY paulvolpi15 How does language allow self-reflection? There are two selves of the self; the spontaneous self is their acting impulsively in response to needs and desires regardless of concern. The other self is the socially conscious self, which monitors and moderates the impulses from the spontaneous self. For example, during a mental argument the spontaneous self may want to retrieve (property) goods without purchasing, but the socially conscious self may censor the spontaneous self by reminding themselves that doing so is illegal.It's like having an angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other. This self-reflection allows us to monitor our communication, so that we (our two selves) can remind ourselves in conversation that people of other cultures may have different values. Also it helps us to achieve the appearance we project of ourselves by modifying our speech and behavior to the situation. How does language organize perceptions? The way we organize experiences effects what they mean to us.When you put someone into the category of family or friend, an insult becomes playful teasing, but when an enemy or stranger says the same insult it is extremely offensive. We can use this organizational quality o go beyond specific experiences and simplify them to be seen as abstract thoughts. This simplification and organization can twist our thoughts through stereotyping. Stereotyping attaches individuals and experiences into a crowd that emphasizes a mutual characteristic but, it can often ignore the dissimilarities within the crowd.Evidently, we have to take a broad view at phenomena to function regularly but it's important to reflect on our stereotypes to recognize the differences between phenomena. How does language allow hypothetical thought? How do you think you will do in this semester? Where do you see yourself after graduation? What can you see yourself achieving after graduation? When answering these questions yo u must think hypothetically or outside the box. Using symbols helps us to think hypothetically because we can label ideas and capture them in our minds and then we can reflect on them.We can apply our past experiences to our present situation and plan out potential futures. Words have no basic connection to what they represent. We could substitute other symbols to represent the same phenomena. The meaning of a word is a collective construction by members of a group. This allows for the meaning of words to shift over time or even be newly generated. For xample, the term â€Å"googling† never existed until free search engines were created and became publicly acceptable among all internet users as a verb that means searching for info, like data, stats, and facts.Many words can have different implications for different groups of people. For example, the implication of a word for a specific group of people is considered socially acceptable for all members of the group but unaccept able in other groups. Also, you might have words that have specific or a special implication for only your family and friends. As our words and symbols continue to move away from an independent reality, the potential for onfusion is very huge. For example, overgeneralization is intentionally used for extreme perfection.We can reduce the existence of these kinds of mistakes by using more specific language. Ultimately the connection between language and perception seems to be very complicated because it is so broad and so specific. The only thing that comes to mind is basically how people decide to comprehend the language from a group and the way people communicate their perception back to a group.

Bidirectional Visitor Counter

Visitor counting is simply a measurement of the visitor traffic entering and exiting offices, malls, sports venues, etc. Counting the visitors helps to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of employees, floor area and sales potential of an organization . Visitor counting is not limited to the entry/exit point of a company but has a wide range of applications that provide information to management on the volume and flow of people throughout a location. A primary method for counting the visitors involves hiring human auditors to stand and manually tally the number of visitors who pass by a certain location. But human-based data collection comes at great expense. Here is a low-cost microcontroller based visitor counter that can be used to know the number of persons at a place. All the components required are readily available in the market and the circuit is easy to build . Two IR transmitter-receiver pairs are used at the passage: one pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX1 and receiver phototransistor T1 is installed at the entry point of the passage, while the other pair comprising IR transmitter IR TX2 and phototransistor(TSOP sensor) T2 is installed at the exit of the passage. The IR signals from the IR LEDs should continuously fall on the respective phototransistors, so proper orientation of the transmitters and phototransistors is necessary. Two similar sections detect interruption of the IR beam and generate clock pulse for the microcontroller. The microcontroller controls counting and displays the number of persons present inside the hall is also displayed on the seven segment displays. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receivers then the IR Rays falling on the receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller. Block Diagram The basic block diagram of the bidirectional visitor counter with automatic light controller is shown in the above figure. Mainly this Block diagram consist of the following essential blocks. 1. Power Supply 2. Entry and Exit sensor circuit 3. AT 89c2052 micro-controller 1. Power Supply:- Here we used +12V and +5V dc power supply. The main function of this block is to provide the required amount of voltage to essential circuits. +12 voltage is given. +12V is given to relay driver. To get the +5V dc power supply we have used here IC 7805, which provides the +5V dc regulated power supply. 2. Enter and Exit Circuits:- This is one of the main part of our project. The main intention of this block is to sense the person. For sensing the person and light we are using the light dependent register (LDR). By using this sensor and its related circuit diagram we can count the persons. 3. AT89C2051 Microcontroller IC AT89C205(IC2) is at the heart of the circuit. It is a 20-pin, 8-bit microcontroller with 2 kb of Flash programmable and erasable read-only memory (PEROM), 128 bytes of RAM, 15 input/output (I/O) lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analogue comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: There are two main parts of the circuits. 1. Transmission Circuits (Infrared LEDs) 2. Receiver Circuit (Sensors) 1. Transmission circuit In this circuit, a negative pulse applied at pin 2 triggers an internal flip-flop that turns off pin 7s discharge transistor, allowing C1 to charge up through R1. At the same time, the flip-flop brings the output (pin 3) level to high. When capacitor C1 as charged up to about 2/3 Vcc, the flip-flop is triggered once again, this time making the pin 3 output low and turning on pin 7s discharge transistor, which discharges C1 to ground. This circuit, in effect, produces a pulse at pin 3 whose width t is just the product of R1 and C1, i. e. , t=R1C1. IR transmission circuit is used to generate the modulated 36 kHz IR signal. The IC555 in the transmitter side is to generate 36 kHz square wave. Adjust the preset in the transmitter to get a 38 kHz signal at the o/p. around 1. 4K we get a 38 kHz signal. Then you point it over the sensor and its o/p will go low when it senses the IR signal of 38 kHz. This circuit diagram shows how a 555 timer IC is configured to function as a basic monostable multivibrator . A monostable multivibrator is a timing circuit that changes state once triggered, but returns to its original state after a certain time delay. It got its name from the fact that only one of its output states is stable. It is also known as a one-shot. 2. Receiver circuit The IR transmitter will emit modulated 38 kHz IR signal and at the receiver we use TSOP1738 (Infrared Sensor). The output goes high when the there is an interruption and it return back to low after the time period determined by the capacitor and resistor in the circuit. I. e. around 1 second. CL100 is to trigger the IC555 which is configured as monostable multivibrator. So when anybody crosses the transmitter receive pair the output from TSOP sensor will high and microcontroller will know that the interruption and decide whether increment the count decrement from the loaded program. After receiving signal from sensor microcontroller will define whether it was enter or exit by using following algorithm.. 1 . If the sensor 1 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 2. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will increment the count . 2. If the sensor 2 is interrupted first then the microcontroller will look for the sensor 1. And if it is interrupted then the microcontroller will decrement the count. Advantage o Low cost o Easy to use o Implement in single door Disadvantage It is used only when one single person cuts the rays of the sensor hence it cannot be used when two person cross simultaneously†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CODE : If you need the code of this project please join this site as member . After joining as member post your request in comments .. Dont write your mail id . Remember the coding of this project will be strictly given to the members of this site only

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Business Ethics - Essay Example This immoral and illegal policy of Great Benefits against its policyholders eventually took its toll when one of its policyholders died when Great Benefits denied the coverage of bone marrow transplant which could have saved his life. This resulted for Rudy Baylor to file a lawsuit against the company. In addition to this already immoral and fraudulent policy of Great Benefits, it also showed no sense of business ethic when it still kept on accepting new policy holders despite its inability to keep its obligation of coverage to its clients. The company is already incurring massive debts and its strategy of accepting more clients to keep the company afloat showed business callousness because Great Benefits never intended to cover them in case they will file for claim. In effect, Great Benefits is toying with its policyholders fate just to keep its business afloat. Great Benefits insurance did not incorporate itself as an insurance company to deliberately defraud its policy holders. For sure, just like any other companies, it must had some lofty ideals to serve its policyholders only that certain circumstances forced it to chose course of business actions that are not only deemed immoral, but illegal as well. What happened to Great Benefits was that it did not have enough capital reserve to cover the claims of its policyholders. It was burdened with debt that made its financial position to settle obligations precarious. Instead of making a loan to increase its capital reserve, Great Benefits opted to take the easier alternative, albeit immoral and illegal, to take in more policyholders to keep itself afloat financially. The first policy that I will devise is how to avoid such unethical, immoral and illegal act from ever happening again. I issue a policy that for a certain number of policyholders, there should be a corresponding

The place of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty in the Essay - 1

The place of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty in the government of the United Kingdom has changed in recent years and the process of change will continue during the present century Discuss - Essay Example judiciary and the political branch of the government, has rendered it very important to prevent the concentration of power in any single branch of the government (Warren 6). A.V. Dicey originated the concept of parliamentary sovereignty. This doctrine was accorded considerable significance in Britain and her former colonies. The concept of parliamentary sovereignty entails two ideas. First, Parliament is the apex entity that can enact or rescind any law, irrespective of its nature. Second, no other entity can challenge or set aside a law made by the Parliament. However, the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty has been frequently contested by judges and the legal profession in the UK, New Zealand and Australia (Warren 5). Dicey has also stated that the rule of law, eliminated uncertainty, prerogative and wide discretionary authority, and established the predominance of the standard law. Moreover, the rule of law, does not permit any entity to be exempted from the duty to obey the law (Lewans 83). Moreover, parliamentmentary sovereignty implies that Parliament can make or unmake any law irrespective of whether such a course of action breaches international laws or the principles of common law. Domestic courts, are required to enforce the laws made by Parliament (Fabunmi and Araromi, 196). In order to achieve the status of an Act, a bill has to receive a majority of the votes in the House of Commons, as well as the House of Lords. Thereafter, Royal Assent has to be accorded to this bill. In the context of the aforementioned majority of the votes, a bill becomes an Act, even if it is passed by a majority of one vote. The nature of the law passed by Parliament, irrespective of whether it is a constitutional law or an ordinary law, is not subject to any distinction (Loveland 24). This is an important facet of parliamentary sovereignty. The legislation passed under an Act of Parliament, is of equal status as legislation passed in the normal course. This important

Ebola Virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ebola Virus - Essay Example Accordingly, there exists up to five Ebola virus species. Out of the five, only four can be accountable for causing diseases in humans. The Ebola virus disease is known to affect West and Central African countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, and Guinea. In recent times, there have been plentiful reports of the illness finding its way to Asian countries and the United States a fact that has been made possible through the global travel of the infected persons out of Africa. Ebola virus was initially revealed in the year 1976 in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo near River Ebola, where the disease borrows its name (Peters and LeDuc ix). The illness was initially disregarded as a threat; consequently, no vaccine was developed. In addition, the earlier cases of the disease could be contained easily and in the event of fatalities, fewer deaths were reported. It took the attention of the United States military to study the possibilities of weaponizing the virus that made the disease widespread. However, the idea was dropped, and the current outbreaks are said to have originated from fruit bats. The virus was initially thought to be airborne; however, studies conducted by the University of Sussex revealed that it is transmitted through body fluids. Also, the virus finds its way into the human body through cuts on the skin and mucous membranes. The Ebola virus has also been found to be transmitted through sexual intercourse, physical contact by the infected persons and ingestion of breast milk. The disease incapacitates the immune system of the host victim. Persons infected with Ebola virus bear symptoms such as mild nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pains, and bleeding from the eyes. The disease also halts the body from clotting blood resulting in gastrointestinal bleeding. This result to increased wear out of the intestinal mucous membranes and any cuts on the body will ooze blood endlessly (Brooks 32). The

Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formal Organizations and Bureaucracy - Essay Example Though some of the managers there were recruited from other firms, the majority of them started out as representatives or sales persons in a lower ranking position. The philosophy of the firm was that it would always seek persons from within the organization to fill the empty slots at higher ranks before looking outside for possible employees. This offered motivation to many of the workers in the organization, and therefore, many CSR's worked very hard at their positions and went the extra mile of attempting to become excellent sales representatives as well, in order that the promised rewards would follow. One drawback of this bureaucratic institution that had a particular effect on me was the alienation that inevitably attended an organization of such immense size and structure. Every single minute of the day was planned out for me as an employee. Breaks were scheduled, as were lunch times; and electronic systems and constant overhead monitoring made sure that no deviations from the stringent patterns were possible. Although rewards were merely possible, punishment was a certainty.

Common & Civil Law in the Global Economy Assignment

Common & Civil Law in the Global Economy - Assignment Example This is achieved through a critical analysis of the past judicial interpretations of the law in search for advice. On the contrary, common law refers to a legal system principally based on past judicial opinions. The past judicial opinions postulate prior interpretations of the legislation, which provides a better guidance as compared to literal requirements as in the case of civil law. This implies that, as much as common law systems develop their laws over time, the laws may be altered by single ruling (Emerson, 2009). As such, common law perpetuates a legal system that is more flexible and expeditious. The most prominent difference between common law and civil law is based on their methodological approach towards statutes and codes. In this regard, common law is dictated by customs while civil law is bound to written codes which have to be abided by the courts inexorably. Thus, legislation is the main source of law in countries which embrace civil law system. This implies that judges make their decisions based on the laid down statutes and codes. Common law legal systems are dominant in commonwealth countries. According to Emerson (2009), this is attributable to their shared British heritage. On the other hand, civil law is predominant in most countries in the globe, especially in the Europe continent and Latin America. Thus, basing on the foregoing discussion, Civil law is the best legal system in the global economy. In this regards, civil law seeks to resolve non-criminal disputes which include disagreements in contracts, divorce, damages for personal and property damage, child custody and property ownership. It covers a profusion of areas which are rife in the global market system. They include employment law, consumer law, entertainment law, international law, animal law, agriculture law, business law, tax law, family law, negligence, intentional torts like battery, assault, slander, defamation and libel, inter alia. In conclusion, common law

The But for test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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Article analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Article analysis - Essay Example The internationalization process helps in development and applicability of the internationalization process theory to the several marketing operations (Conconi, Sapir, and Zanardi, 2013). For example, the gradual internationalization process inspires the organization to enter markets, which have an impact of the economic, social and cultural similarities with the growing domestic and international markets. The study will deal with the various dimensional aspects of internationalization and its effect on the business activities (Birnik and Bowman, 2007). The author of the study will also highlight the various facets of strategies that help in the development of emerging markets. Finally, the study will conclude the impact of emerging markets on the developed and developing economy for the success of the organization and the economy itself. Emerging Markets of Developed & Developing Economy The gradual internationalization process requires exploration of the market with several opportu nities and more or less with equitable similarities. This process also helps in addressing the risks associated with innovative capability and also the perceived risks associated with foreign market entry. There are usually various dimensions to the market entry which increases with the foreign entry modes, and the dimensions include resource commitment and order of market entry. Gradual internationalization requires less resource commitment such as exporting right from the beginning of the market entry and then transfer into other entry modes. Resource commitment requires emphasis on the perceived risk associated with each of the market entry modes (Cai, 2000). The second dimension is the order of market entry modes, which lays emphasis on an organization trying to enter into domestic markets and then expanding into international markets. This order of entry is also known as psychic distance on the internationalization theory. Emerging markets have been regarded as the attractive s ource and target market for further operation and expansion of the base activities. These emerging markets have been regarded as the base of manufacturing activities due to their easy availability, high quality and cheap labor and easy-to-assemble raw materials. The multinational corporation has expanded by opening several units worldwide. It has been observed that Internet organizations expand on a global scale for reduction in deviation methods and errors in their distribution system (Gustafson, 2011). The Internet organization has expanded a larger scale for wider operations and also increases in their outcome for various purposes. Internationalization Process Theory The concept of internationalization process was formulated by Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul and was modified gradually by other authors. The internationalization process differs marginally between policy formulations and status quo. This process also helps in conceptualizing the international marketing theory in a di fferent way, which is often termed as an entrepreneurial fact (Shirani, 2009). The major objectives of the internationalization process is access to low cost production, proximity to suppliers, availability of technical and non-technical skills, reducing competition, energy, etc. (Kim, 2003). The internationalization process also helps in understanding the entry mode strategies and developing a market entry mode for the company accordingly. Internationaliza

Lavinia froze silently in awe Essay Example for Free

Lavinia froze silently in awe Essay She put her hand out to the light switch and stopped. What? she asked. What? What? Behind her, in the black living room, someone cleared his throat. Hello? she asked anxiously. Still, no answer. She stared apprehensively around the pitch dark room, curiously, as to what the source of this mysterious sound was. It suddenly became all too familiar with her. Oh my God, she thought, the Lonely One? As she examined the kitchen with her eyes, wide as the ravine which lay outside her house, she began to think irrational thoughts. Thoughts which could only lead her to worse ones. She stood still as her eyes continued to scan the room, not moving a single inch from where she was. There was a piercing silence which filled the air. You could hear a pin drop. Officer Kennedy? she tried to reassure herself that someone she could trust was in her house. She began to tremble as she reluctantly took her first few steps towards the centre darkness of the kitchen, like a baby learning how to walk. She could smell the soup shed made earlier on that day. How she longed to go back just a few hours. She continuously looked around hoping she would find nothing. Just as her uneasiness began to settle, a distant figure appeared through the dark, walking eagerly, but gradually towards Lavinia. Lavinia froze silently in awe. As this body continued moving closer, it became obvious that they were limping on one foot, as to say they had caught on something. Lavinia could smell the putrid waft of the ravine almost suffocating her. Still she stood still, with her hairs on the back of her neck standing up as if wanting to escape from her body. Goose pimples began to appear all over her temporarily immobile body. She opened her mouth as to speak, frightened at the same time. What, what, who are you? she babbled, her words only just managing to escape from her cold-blue lips. The person stopped and looked up, to what seemed the darkest room in the world. Why dont you turn the light on Lavinia he said, with a raspy voice. Lavinia couldnt believe her eyes. You! she shouted furious as a bull seeing red. Yes Lavinia, me, he said slowly uttering the words. What are you doing here?! How did you get in?! Lavinia shouted, stunned. I followed you he said staring Lavinia up and down with his eyes red as flames. I watched you walk through the ravine. Why?! I dont understand. Just leave. Get out! Lavinia shouted, as her annoyance and shock replaced her fear. No Lavinia. I came here to see you. Im not leaving. He stepped closer with a mild grin, looking at Lavinia deeply into her eyes. His hand crept up slowly, approaching Lavinias hip. He places his hand there, clutching it. Im not leaving. Lavinia jumped, and pushed his rough hands of her hips, disgusted and extremely annoyed. I said get out! Dont you dare touch me! I mean it! Get out otherwise Ill scream Lavinia said furious. No I told you already beautiful! Im not going anywhere. Im staying here with you. You can scream all you want, he said calmly and slowly, still carrying the same smile. This time, he lifted his hand and latched onto Lavinias hair, and began stroking it, twirling the ends with his rough as sand paper hands. Lavinia became full with fury and pushed his hand away, gathering all of the saliva she could in her mouth in an instant of a second and spat in his face. His concentrated smile turned into a furious face. He pulled his right hand towards him as he wiped his face with the end of his left black and grey stripy gauze shirt sleeve. He looked up at Lavinia who looked scared as hell, looking like she wanted to run away. He gathered all of the strength a man could and released the most powerful blow to her pretty face with the back of his rusted hand. Lavinia immediately fell to the ground slamming her side on the kitchen floor tiles. She began to bleed from her ear, as her silky black hair became covered in it, drowning in the wine-coloured substance. Her eyes were half open, half closed and she began mumbling words like a drunk man talking. who, w huh where? I where? He stood in front of her looking at her bleeding to death, grinning uncontrollably. Lavinia? Can you hear me my darling? Silence. Oh well. You shouldnt have done that should you? Lavinia lay on the cold floor as she looked at him, continuing to bleed. She could just about manage to put up an angry face as she screwed her eyebrows inwards. The whole floor by now was covered in her blood. Her eyes however continued to flicker life. She carried on mumbling her words. You y, I, I cant. Why. He kneeled down on the floor as he bent over to kiss her bloody cheek. Lavinia couldnt react as she lay frozen on the floor. He got up and walked towards the main door leading out to the ravine. Lavinia.

Elasticity Of Demand And Economics Decision Making Economics Essay

Elasticity Of Demand And Economics Decision Making Economics Essay Extent or degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to the change in price is called elasticity of that curve. This nature of curve varies with different nature of products means if a product is essential then change in price does not effect much on demand. On the other hand less essential product are quite sensitive to the price changes because opportunity cost of buying those product become too high. A good or service is said to be highly elastic if slight change in price leads to a sharp changes in quantity demanded or supplied. There are lots of products in the market which are not needed in our routine life. And a good or service is said to be highly inelastic if changes in price doesnt effect much on the quantity demanded or supplied. These are those product or services which are very much essential to our daily life. Price Elasticity of Demand It is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price for a particular product or service. Demand is said to be elastic if change in price leads to a higher change in demand, in that case Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) would be more than one i.e PED > 1 P P D D Elastic demand PED>1 Q Perfectly Elastic Q Goods which comes under elastic category tend to have following characteristics They are luxury goods. They are very expensive like sports cars. Goods bought frequently. Goods with many substitutes in market. Price Inelasticity of Demand: Demand is said to be inelastic if the percentage change in price doesnt affect much on the demand of a product i.e. PED P P Inelastic demand PED Goods which come under inelastic category tend to have following characteristics: They are necessities. People are use to them means they are addictives like wine cigarettes. They have no or very few substitutes like petrol. They cost a small percentage of income and bought infrequently. In the short demand is usually more inelastic because it takes time to find alternatives. We can say if the price of chocolate increased demand would be inelastic as there is no alternatives, however if the price of mercury increased there are close substitutes in the form of other chocolates. Therefore demand would be more elastic. In broad there are three factors influencing the demands price elasticity: The availability of substitutes: This is the most important factor influencing the elasticity of a good or service. In general speaking more the substitutes the more elastic the demand will be. Income available to spend on goods: This factor affecting demand elasticity refers to the total a person can spend on a particular good or service. Now suppose price of orange juice goes up from $2 to $3 and the income remains the same. So the income that is available to spend on orange juice which is say $12 is enough for only 4 cans rather than 6. In other words consumer is forced to reduce his demand of orange juice. So if there is increase in price and at the same time no increase in available amount for that good or service then there will be elastic reaction in demand. Therefore demand will be sensitive to a change in price if there is no change in income. Time: Another important factor is time. If price of cigarettes goes up by 15%, a smoker with very few substitute start buying on daily basis instead of buying for a week or so. This suggests that tobacco is inelastic because change of price will not have a considerable influence on the quantity demanded. However if the smoker finds difficult to spend extra 15% and begins to get rid off smoking, the price elasticity of cigarettes for that consumer become elastic in long run. Market Structure: Every market has his own features on which it works or behaves. There are few features which we should consider while determining the market structure as First of all we should know the awareness of consumer about the market. We should know how knowledgeable our customers are. We should know how many firms are doing the same business; it tells us the extent of competition we are supposed to face. What type of product we are dealing with, whether it is coming in the category of necessary product or in the category of luxury product. Whether the entry in the market is easy or difficult and same is the case with leaving the market. Based upon these factors we decide whether the market is perfectly competitive or imperfectly competitive. In a perfectly competitive market there is no entry and exit barrier, we can enter or exit at any point of time from the market. Also in perfectly competitive market product is homogenous and there are large number of buyers and sellers. While in imperfectly competitive market there are very few buyers and sellers, very difficult to enter into and exit the market and at the same time there is monopoly of product. Market Structure of Airline Industry: Market structure which suits to Airline Industry is oligopoly market. In this type of market there are only 2-3 firms who dominate the market. Advertisement and marketing is very important in such type of markets. As there are very few firms, they know each other very well. They know strategies of each other. So they always consider their competitors, while making price strategies, because they just cant set the prices by themselves. They have to consider the pricing of their competitors as well. Although when one firm has a dominant position in the market the oligopoly may experience a price leadership. Firm having lower market share may forced to follow the pricing policy of dominant firm. As large amount of fixed cost is involved in this type of market so entry as well as exit is very difficult. There are basically three major theories about the oligopoly of pricing as under: These firms collaborate to charge the unique price and at the same time unique profit. These firms compete on price so that price as well as the profit will remain same as in competitive market. These firms had the price and profit in between of perfectly competitive and monopoly markets. Market Structure Seller Entry Barrier Buyer entry Barrier Number of Seller Number of Buyers Perfect competition No No Many many Oligopoly Yes No Very few many Monopoly Yes No Only one many Table for different market structure Yield Management: The basic concept of yield management is to provide right service to right person at the right price on right time. (Kimes, 1989: Weatherford and Bodily 1992). Now in case of Airline Industry we can define yield management as generating maximum revenue per seat by keeping customer satisfied. We can do this by applying different policies. As in every industry, customer is very important in this industry. Customer is paying quite an amount to get the services of this type of industry. So we have to take a very good care of customer as well. We have to provide good service right from the booking of ticket to leaving off the plane. The strategic points of yield management are four Cs namely, calendar, capacity, clock and cost and they all bound together with another C i.e. customer. Singapore Airlines is a great example of this. They take a great care of their customers. They keep data of each and every passenger travel with them. They not only provide excellent service but also maintain good and caring relations with customers. Firms compete for market share and demand from customers in many ways. We differentiate these ways into two major subheads i.e. Price Competition and Non-price Competition. We are considering New Zealand Airline Industry as an example Price Competition: Price competition involves increasing the demand by discounted the price. We increase our business in different ways as under: We can provide discounted tickets in the off seasons. We can provide ticket through some scheme like buy one ticket and get 50% discount on purchase of another ticket. This would definitely attract customers and at the same time would increase the revenue. Because there is no use of flying with vacant seat, its better to have customers with discounted tickets. We can also start pre booking scheme especially for our off season. We can launch scheme like discount on ticket booked 1-2 months before. This would enable us to know how much customer we have in our off season and we can make our further strategy according to that. If we still have very few bookings then we can offer some gifts, holiday package or so on booking to boom our sale. We can introduce new packages with our tickets. We can collaborate with few hotels to provide a complete holidays package to family, newly married couples teenagers. We can provide one way free travel, means a person can pay for one way and get the ticket for return as well. This will increase the revenue and at the same time enable us to get few loyal customers. Non- Price Competition: This is the focus on other strategies to increase the market share. There are various strategies which comes under this category as Advertisement and marketing is the major strategy which comes under this category. As there is huge investment involve in this type of industry so we want to get super normal profit out of this. Advertisement plays an important role in achieving this. We advertise and market our product or service in such a way that it put significant impact on customer. On line booking is another value added service. We can book our ticket from home and get our seat confirmed. This would help customer to make his plan well in advance and at the same time it is hassle free. This would enable them to get rid off agents as well as long queue. And apart from this it is 24 hours service. Locality card or points given to every customer, who keeps on adding and customer, will get a prize on reaching certain points. This enable customer to interest for his next trip from same airline.