Imagination Of The Male By John Keats - 962 Words

imagination of the male, where she may perfectly exist displaying that she is property of the male. She does not have her own existence. She only exists within the imagination of the male. For example, in, Lamia, by John Keats, the speaker, with his imagination, builds a temple for the Goddess Psyche to reside. Within the mind of the speaker, she is in perfect form. She is imperfect outside of his mind, lacking voice, lute, pipe and incense sweet, but within his mind she will have all of these. In the mind of the speaker, she is his possession. By transferring the female to Nature, the narrator has the ability to control her with the use of the imagination. An example of this control from The Prelude is as follows, There are in our existence spots of time, Which with distinct pre-eminence retain A renovating Virtue, whence, depressed By false opinion and contentious thought, Or aught of heavier and more deadly weight In trivial occupations, and the round Of ordinary intercourse, our minds Are nourished and invisible repaired A virtue by which pleasure is enhanced, That penetrates, enables us to mount When high, more high, and lifts us up when fallen. This efficacious spirit chiefly lurks Among those passages of life in which We have had deepest feeling that the mind Is lord and master, and that outward sense Is but the obedient servant of her will. (565, 258-273) This possessive behavior correlates with the existence of the female during this time. Her sexuality didShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake And Transcendentalism Analysis884 Words   |  4 Pagesthe morals of love, freedom, brotherhood and equality. Therefore, I believe he is considered one of the best romantic poets of all time. The majority of Blake’s poems show the romantic side of things such as simplicity, nature, transcendentalism, imagination, childhood and freedom. For instance, in his poem the Lamb, simplicity, nature, and transcendentalism are strong romantic descriptions that we, as readers, can see them easily. Finally, the transcendental characteristic is another essential ofRead MoreEssay about British Romanticism1831 Words   |  8 Pagesmen in the world motivated by greed and pride. But they did not let this knowledge force them into a state of despondency; instead, they looked forward to the future, when such things might improve (Bernbaum). Romantics hoped tha t one day mans imagination would awaken and life could be what it was meant to be: free, natural, beautiful, and humane (Bernbaum xxvii). This desire for a natural life came from the Romantics love and admiration of nature. To him, nature was emotionally expressiveRead MoreKeats And Finch And The Nightingale2424 Words   |  10 Pages Both Keats and Finch imitate this concept in Ode to a Nightingale and To the Nightingale by using poetic form and language to show the qualities of a bird that inspires them to look beyond the physical and in Finch s case, challenge the confines of human restriction whilst asserting poetry as a human necessity. Keats was a key figure in the Romantic era in the first part of the 17th century which, according to Renà © Wellek s classic definition, sought to substitute imagination for theRead MoreHum Quiz1302 Words   |  6 PagesHUM 112 Quiz two 1. Why does the vase in Ode on a Grecian Urn fascinate John Keats? The eternal beauty of its art 2. Why did Frederick Douglass eventually break away from the Anti-Slavery Society? Concern that their doctrine would dissolve the Union 3. Why did the philosophes alienate themselves from the Church? Intolerant of hierarchy and ritual 4. Why does Fragonard paint the young lady in The Swing as losing a shoe? To symbolize virginity loss 5. Why do many of Fra Read More Aspects of a Sonnet Essay2511 Words   |  11 Pagestook to this traditional form and wrote their own didnt only write sonnets, for instance William Wordsworth built his career upon writing sonnets. His poetry is perhaps most original in its vision of the almost divine power of the creative imagination reforging the links between man and humankind and the natural world. In 1843 he became Englands poet laureate. He is regarded as the central figure in the initiation of English Romanticism. In his sonnet Composed upon Westminster BridgeRead MoreEssay on Pre 1914 Love Poetry from the Victorian and Elizabethan Era3579 Words   |  15 Pagesexpected to refrain in conveying their natural feelings and emotions. Women were also socially neglected, as they were expected to remain at home whilst their respective husbands ensured the upkeep of the family by managing the family finances. The male population at this point in time ignorantly viewed women as coy, innocent characters, seemingly unaware that women had the same feelings and emotions as themselves. At the time in which poets like Robert Browning lived, the majority of marriagesRead MoreA Study Of Female Writers Of Romantic Period1959 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish renaissance, neo-classical period etc. From the beginning we notice that there is an imbalance between the male and female authors. Male writers are found more than the female writers. This imbalance is also found in the romantic literature. Also it is seen that, though the majority writers are men, the women are more interested in reading those piece of literature, compared to male. The romantic period was an intellectual movement originated in Europe during the late 17th century. WilliamRead MoreIndo-English Women Poetry: A Journey From Feminism to Post-Feminism1820 Words   |  8 PagesIndo-English poetry began to be written and until rather recently continued to be written under the influence of the English romantic poets such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, Keats, Byron and even Walter Scott. The poetry of the period is marked by a highly subjective tone and uninhibited expression of personal feeling. Also, nature and its variegated scenes form a background, especially nature in its natural untamed manifestations. Witness for example these lines from Toru Dutt’s (1856-1877)Read MoreCompare How the Theme of Love Is Presented in a Selection of Pre-1914 Poetry7665 Words   |  31 Pagesmeaning of love and how it is different from person to person and from race to race. Everyone is amazed by how love can make people experience so many emotions and how love can bring sadness and happiness and confusion. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ By John Keats and ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ by Robert Browning for example both share the common theme of love, both lovers had to depart their loved ones whether due to societal pressures or due to the fact that the lover is from a different world. However the ideaRead MoreOde to the West Wind2446 Words   |  10 Pagesis moved not, but moves. Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World. The trumpeting poetic imagination, inspired by sources -- spirits -- unknown to the poet himself, actually reverses time. Poets prophesy, not by consciously extrapolating from past to present, and from present to future, with instrumental reason, but by capitulating to the mind s intuition, by freeing the imagination. Poets influence what the future will bring by unknowingly reflecting or mirroring future s shadows

Essay on Waco - 1045 Words

Waco On February 28, 1993, the nation watched as government law officials climbed the walls of the Branch-Davidian compound on Mount Carmel in Waco, Texas, breaking windows and throwing grenades inside the buildings, all for arresting Vernon Wayne Hall, A.K.A. David Koresh. Koresh was the leader of the Davidians, who believed that Koresh was a god who lived in this religious community on Mount Carmel. The publics first view of this crisis was from the presss not very supportive opinion of the Davidians beliefs. The newspaper articles were leaning on the governments side, which they had every right to do, until April 19. On April 19, 1993, Mount Carmel rapidly burned to the ground, taking the lives of seventy-six people.†¦show more content†¦Another significant piece of evidence is the nine survivors of the fire have no recollection of how the fire began, because they didnt see it start. The concern that most people have of this incident comes from the fact that the government lied, broke internal orders and, most importantly, denied the Mount Carmel residents their constitutional rights. This scandal is more serious than other affairs, like Watergate, because the Attorney General, Janet Reno, stepped in for the President by giving the executive order for government officials to invade Mount Carmel. Eventually, Mount Carmel was burned to the ground and a lot of fingers point to the government officials who unmistakably did not cooperate with the Mount Carmel residents. In the Watergate affair, the public believes that the seriousness of the crisis comes from the Presidents abuse of power, like the Iran-Contra or the Lewinsky scandals. They were major crises, but Waco involves improprieties by all three branches of government, and, as a result, innocent people were massacred. Waco is important for three major reasons: It raises questions about human rights in our country; it involves a scandal involving all three branches of government; it opens the d oor for our government to tolerate more of this behavior. The residents of Mount Carmel were American citizens with constitutional rights, but their rights were violated because of complaintsShow MoreRelated The Waco Incident Essay4668 Words   |  19 PagesThe Waco Incident My name is Jim, just Jim it’s easier this way, and I was one of the nine survivors in the Waco compound standoff. Before I go into what I think went wrong to our religious sanctuary, let me tell you how I met David and a little about our great deciple.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Back in the early 90’s I had been drumming in a nowhere rock band when I met and befriended David Koresh. I needed some new drum sticks, and on the way to a gig stopped in at a local music shop. Seeing the sticks in my handRead MoreThe Waco Siege Ended 221586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Waco siege ended 22 years ago in a colossal fire that ended up killed 76 people including two pregnant women and over 20 children. The siege began on February 28, 1993, when the US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) attempted to execute a search warrant at Mount Carmel Center ranch, a property held by religious group Branch Davidians in Waco, Texas (leppard, 2013). The government suspected a radical religious leader David Koresh of stock piling firearms and manufacturing drugs. TheRead MorePoor Decisions at Waco Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesPoor Decisions at Waco Neither the Branch Davidians, nor the ATF, nor the FBI, were composed of or led by stupid persons. Yet at Waco, all of these groups made extremely bad decisions. One reason for the high-risk, low-quality decisions of the Branch Davidians, ATF, and FBI is that these groups of intelligent individuals could collectively make decisions much worse than the individuals might have made if they had decided alone. Many of the factors leading to groupthink were present, on allRead MoreIndian Spring Park on the Brazos River in Waco, Texas664 Words   |  3 PagesI visited a place in Waco Texas where I reside. Waco is situated between Dallas and Austin. It was a park called Indian Spring Park. This park is on the west side of the Brazos River. People Go there all the time for festivals and events. The first thing you see in the park is the â€Å"Branding The Brazos statue series†. This is sculptures of cattle and cowboys on horseback. It is a very Large display. It goes along with the famous Chisholm Trail. Cultural Arts of Waco It perceives the crossingRead MoreA Woman Governing Over Texas1914 Words   |  8 PagesAnn Richards made a career in politics, she had a career as a mother and wife. Ann was born in Waco, Texas on September 1 of 1933. Waco back then was segregated, had strong religious ideas, and its people where known as being strict conservatives. Ann met her future husband in 1949 when Ann and David where on their senior year in Waco High. Once they graduated high school in 1950, Ann wanted to leave Waco and follow David to Austin where David was studying to become a lawyer at the University of TexasRead MoreThe Case Of The First Waco Horror1206 Words   |  5 Pageseconomy, and an expanding role for the United States Federal government, that simple life began to change, and not necessarily for the better. All three books show this shift and the effect on the life of everyday Texans. In the case of The First Waco Horror, increasing connectivity to the United States and even the world helped to begin to change the view of Lynching and the anti-lynching movement gained popularity, while at the same time lynching increased due to swirling populations from increasedRead MoreDavid Koresh And The Branch Davidians Ninth Day Adventists1606 Words   |  7 PagesBible and rock music. He eventually legally married Rachel Jones, with who he would have two daughters and a son. Koresh joined a Branch of Davidians that broke off of the original Seventh-Day Adventists religious group at Mount Carmel Center in Waco, Texas. It is speculated he had an affair with the sects who was a much older prophetess named Lois Roden, who became pregnant by Koresh, and however, lost the baby. Once Lois Roden passed away, it was undecided between Koresh and Lois Roden’s sonRead MoreThe Branch Davidian Compound Raid2119 Words   |  9 PagesThe Branch Davidian Compound Raid: Waco, TX 1993 On the morning of April 19, 1993, heavily armed FBI and ATF agents moved into the compound puncturing holes in the compound walls so they could pump in tear gas, to flush out the cult members with the least harm. Using loudspeakers, officers told the Branch Davidians no armed assault would be made and to hold their fire. When cult members opened their weapons, the FBI increased the tear gas assault and began firing military grenade launches at theRead MorePolice Department And Their Influence On The City Of Waco849 Words   |  4 Pagesplays into the progression or deterioration of a community’s ability to thrive is law enforcement agencies. In a survey that was conducted at Baylor University, students polled local residence on their perspective on the Waco Police Department and their influence on the city of Waco. A thriving community should seek social change through civil disobedience. As MLK and so many other social activists have demonstrated, peaceful protest promotes awareness and change. All individuals within the communityRead MoreThe From A Los Angeles Seventh- Day Adventists1411 Words   |  6 PagesA man by the name, Victor Houteff was â€Å"defellowshipped from a Los Angeles Seventh- day Adventists church† (CRI) in 1929 and 1930. Due to his unforeseen spiritual movement, Waco Texas in 1993 experienced a 51 day biblical event like never before seen or experienced since the first coming of Christ. The Branch Davidians along with the infamous David Koresh came to be because of Houteff â€Å"sharing his â€Å"Divergent Views† with other church members† (CRI). It was five years after he was ostracized from the

Solution To Solve The Plastic Waste Problems Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

The intent of this undertaking is to supply a executable solution to work out the fictile waste jobs and assist occupants in the Mekong Delta countries to better the conveyance substructure. Specifically, this undertaking is aimed to utilize fictile waste as an alternate building stuff for constructing roads in the Mekong Delta countries. The modified-plastic route is designed to run into specific demands that were set to do certain the route would be suited for the local environment and have an economic public presentation. We will write a custom essay sample on Solution To Solve The Plastic Waste Problems Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this undertaking, Group F chose fictile waste as the mark. It is because fictile waste such as plastic bags and plastic bottles is non-biodegradable in the natural environment. As a chief pollution, fictile waste is harmful to the environment. Maltreatment of plastic and deficiency of recovery has resulted in many environmental jobs. Besides, recycling plastic waste is non popular in Vietnam which is a immense squander. Based on this information, Group F decided to happen a feasible manner for recycling fictile waste. The usage of fictile waste in route building is an environment-friendly engineering. â€Å" In recent old ages, applications of plastic wastes have been considered in route building with great involvement in many developing states. â€Å" [ 1 ] This sort of engineering has become progressively popular around the universe. In legion states, particularly in developing states, the conveyance and logistics systems are under high strain from additions in population and trade. So does in Vietnam. Thus, bettering the substructure in the Mekong Delta countries is besides really of import. Hence utilizing modified fictile waste to construct roads is an effectual method to work out these jobs. Using fictile waste in route building can be a good solution. Harmonizing to several field trials, â€Å" the plastic wastes used after proper processing as an additive would heighten the life of the roads and besides work out environmental jobs. † [ 2 ] It follows that utilizing fictile waste i n route building is a feasible solution to equilibrate the environment and development. Implementing this undertaking can both increase the recovery rate of plastic wastes and better the populating criterion in Vietnam, particularly in the Mekong Delta. The aims of the undertaking were to assist the local people cut down the plastic waste, work out the traffic jobs, and increase the sustainable development. This paper provides background information and describes the methods and tools used to construct a route from plastic wastes. As good, the paper provides the processing strategies for the plastic wastes and shows a route theoretical account made from fictile waste. The feasibleness and economic efficiency of the design is besides discussed in this paper. The recommendations and future work are provided in the concluding parts. Background: In this subdivision of the study, background information refering the undertaking will be provided. Vietnam and Mekong Delta Socialist Republic of Vietnam which is called Vietnam for short is a Southeasterly Asiatic state and locates on the Indochina peninsula. â€Å" Vietnam covers a entire country of 331,210aa‚ ¬A? . [ 3 ] And has a population of 87,840,000 in the twelvemonth of 2011. [ 4 ] In recent old ages, Vietnam ‘s economic system has made a batch betterment. After the economic reforms, this state has become one of the universe ‘s fastest turning economic systems. Harmonizing to an economic statistic, â€Å" Vietnam ‘s one-year GDP growing rate is 8 % between 1990 to 1997 and about 7 % from 2000 to 2005. † [ 5 ] In malice of crisp velocity development, Vietnam is confronting several jobs such as pollution, lodging deficit, out-of-date substructure and so on. Mekong Delta is one of the illustrations. Harmonizing to the AusAid study, the â€Å" Mekong Delta is celebrated as the â€Å" rice bowl † of Vietnam it contributes up to 90 % of the state ‘s rice exports. † [ 6 ] In recent old ages, the economic system has been improved significantly ; nevertheless, there are still tonss of jobs to work out. As mentioned before, Mekong Delta is besides confronting the same challenges as the whole state. Now, pollution is a serious job. Waste such as chemicals, human wastes, effluent and plastic wastes has harmed the local environment and people ‘s wellness. Additionally, with the growing of population and economic system, out-of-date substructure can non fulfill people ‘s demand. The traffic system in the Mekong Delta is under utmost emphasis. It is necessary for the native abodes find a manner to work out these two jobs. As one unit of the international assistance undertakings, the AusAID besides realized this issue. There is a transit betterment undertaking to assist the Mekong Delta to better the conveyance substructure. This undertaking has an estimated entire cost of US $ 306 million with programs to upgrade 325km of roads through this undertaking. [ 7 ] Technology used in the undertaking Presents, plastic merchandises are about everyplace. As a inexpensive and effectual stuff, plastic is widely used both for agribusiness and industry. Using fictile merchandises increased people ‘s life criterions. However, this convenient stuff is non environment friendly. The most important ground is most of the plastics are non-biodegradable. They can last for a long clip in the geological environment. In add-on, the traditional intervention for fictile waste such as landfill and incineration is a threaten for people ‘s wellness and the environment. How to cover with fictile waste is a challenge for sustainable development. Recycling is a good manner of work outing the job. Scientists and applied scientists have developed a new attack to alter the waste into roads. Using plastic in route building is non new. For a long clip, people use PVC or HDPE to fabricate pipes in route building. However, utilizing fictile waste as natural stuff for route building is a different technique but surveies have shown this technique has great possible and can convey many benefits. An initial survey that conducted in 1997 to prove for strength and lastingness of roads from fictile wastes proved that â€Å" the lastingness of roads laid with fictile waste mix is found to be better than the conventional 1s. † [ 2 ] The overall procedure of edifice plastic waste roads includes two parts, explicitly the first portion is â€Å" readying which includes segregation, cleansing, shredding, and aggregation. The 2nd portion is field test † . [ 8 ] At foremost, the fictile waste such as bags and bottles are separated and cleaned. Then, the plastic wastes are shredded into little pieces or pulverize signifier. After roll uping, the on-size plastic waste pulverization will be added into the hot sum which is kept at 170AA °C. After the chopped plastic waste are aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"softened and coated over the sum, aa‚ ¬A? [ 8 ] the hot bitumen is added and should be good assorted. Then, this hot mixture is ready for being laid on the route. The laying procedure is similar to the manner pitch roads are laid. This engineering has many advantages. The usage of plastic waste for route building can non merely cut down the demand for bitumen and increase the strength and public presentation of the roads, but besides protect the environment every bit good as create extra employment chances. Besides, utilizing fictile waste for route building can cut down the demand of bitumen and besides cut down the cost of puting the roads. Literature Review How to cite Solution To Solve The Plastic Waste Problems Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Business And IT Goals And Coffee Vending Machine †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Business And IT Goals And Coffee Vending Machine. Answer: Business and IT Goals The test scenarios that have been provided for the coffee vending machine focus on the various functional and non-functional aspects that are associated with it. The functionalities include the features of the machines in terms of the options and choices. The testing scenarios have been designed in order to ensure and validate that the machine functions correctly to offer best quality service to the customers (Henderson, 2004). The same applies to any of the business as it is important for the business processes to function in such a manner that the quality of services is maintained all throughout (Mallery, 2011). Apart from the functional aspects and requirements, there are various non-functional aspects and system qualities that are aimed to be fulfilled by the business and IT processes in terms of availability, reliability, performance, usability and likewise (Mohapatra and Patnaik, 2011). The same can be seen the test scenarios that have been listed for the coffee vending machine. It is necessary for a machine like this or a business or an IT process to be designed and implemented in such a manner that it offers the non-functional qualities as listed above. The continuity of the operations along with their validity is also extremely significant (Yang and Tamir, 2015). References Gulledge, T. (2002). Business process management: public sector implications. Business Process Management Journal, 8(4), pp.364-376. Henderson, L. (2004). Encoding and decoding communication competencies in project management ? an exploratory study. International Journal of Project Management, 22(6), pp.469-476. Mallery, M. (2011). Project Management Portal (PMP) from the University of Washington Information Technology Wiki - https://wiki.cac.washington.edu/display/pmportal/Project+Management+Portal. Technical Services Quarterly, 28(3), pp.365-367. Mohapatra, S. and Patnaik, A. (2011). Sustainability in HRIS implementation through effective project management. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 3(1), p.78. Seethamraju, R. (2012). Business process management: a missing link in business education. Business Process Management Journal, 18(3), pp.532-547. Yang, Y. and Tamir, G. (2015). Offshore software project management: mapping project success factors. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 7(2), p.111.

Stranger in the Village Essay Example

Stranger in the Village Paper To start off, this essay is the first hand account of James Baldwin experiences in a tiny Swiss village 4 hours outside of Milan. Lets begin on who James Baldwin is, Baldwin is an African American male who has recently left the united States to come observe an know more about the relation of racism and societies. Baldwin Is very proud of his African American heritage even though it has become more segregated then ever in the early part of the civil rights movement. The village is so small that is almost unknown as claimed by Baldwin, he goes on to describe is as a unattractive own that Is stuck In the past; to add on to that the town seem to be very primitive as claimed in this passage In the village there is no movie house, no bank, no library, no theater; very few radios, one Jeep, one station wagon; and at the moment, one typewriter, mine, an invention which the woman next door to me here had never seen. Baldwin Paragraph 2. Baldwin being a African American male, Is the first experiences many of the people of the small Swiss village have encountered, that being a factor can be at times why the village seems very racial towards him, engendering the fact he is the first of his kind to step foot into the village. I will go on to explain the emotions that Baldwin starts to feel on the racism expressed in the essay and the way It touches on some of the modern day struggles that go on. The 4th paragraph you start to witness the rage building up from some of the villagers actions. We will write a custom essay sample on Stranger in the Village specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Stranger in the Village specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Stranger in the Village specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With one case being the children calling Baldwin a Anger! this can be compared to the civil rights movement in the middle of the 1 asss when racial separation was very common In modern united States, when racial slurs would be led at Black Students who did not blend in with the surrounding. Baldwin shows us that because of Americans, black men were looked down upon, and the word Niger was created by Americans who failed to realize that blacks also have rights. This belief has spread world wide, even Into small villages. Because of this, black and white people alike will never be the same as they once were, and the world has been forever changed. This is an easy comparison for what Baldwin could have been easily be feeling right at that moment in time, not only is that degrading to him, but also his culture. Baldwin feels very strongly about his culture and his roots that he has come from. When someone shows such a strong hatred to another race and it spreads world wide it cannot be changed over night. Baldwin relies on us a smart individual to realize this. To show another example to modern times, the worlds view on homosexuality and the degrading things that are said about them, such as but not to limit, tag, homo, gay, fagged. Even though through out the world homosexuality Is becoming more and more accepted there is always going to be those places that cannot change their view. Another statement I want to examine is that shown in he 4th paragraph In all of this, In which It must be conceded there was the charm of genuine wonder and In which there were certainly no element of Intentional unkindness, there was yet no suggestion that I was human: I was simply a living wonder. This is seems to be the turning point for Baldwin, you can see that he has I OFF seem to give a little slack to ten village Tort not unreasoning. Ana Tanat teeny are more curious than anything about his different features. The next paragraph we start to feel some of the pain not much but it is starting to become more noticeable in that Baldwin speaks. l knew that they did not mean to be unkind, and I know it now; it is necessary, nevertheless, for me to repeat this to myself each time that I walk out of the chalet as I read this paragraph over to understand it more thoroughly. He expressing to himself that it never Just blows over but it hurts every time he leaves his cabin, that he must be brought to the same pain over and over again. They also wonder why the color of his skin does not rub off them when they touch him and that no electrical shock occurs when they touch his woolly hair. The adults come off in such subtle way in the way they present their insults. Later in the paragraph you notice some frustration that the author is feeling with the children some days he enjoys talking with the kids and then other days he Just want to blow right past them. As we go farther along in the passage we come along to an interesting fact about around some of the villages they buy African Americans to convert them to Christianity, this is very intriguing for it seems to be backwards from the norm that you always here about, with Africans being bought for only slavery, but is there more to this? Baldwin later goes on to explain that YES! For someone to take you away from your original environment and convert you to an all-new lifestyle is very disturbing. Imagine this youre a late asss male growing up to believe in one way of life and to be only taken and to be told that you have been taught wrong for all your life. This leads me to another part of Baldwin adventure were he compare the interactions between a white man visiting a black village and vice versa with a black man visiting a white village. He speaks on points such as the black village being astonished and marveling over the fact that the white man is different. But the fact that white men or in this case white village as put so much space between him and them is starting to get hit the core of him. His anger towards the white man is now showing, that he cannot forgive them for what pain they have cause to his ancestors. The fact is that Baldwin is trying to accept the fact that this part of the world has not yet experienced the racial diversity that has been expressed in America; most of the villagers have not even been able to leave the foot of the mountain. He goes on to conclude that there will never be an all white world and that we shall always be verse. To help explain this I want to look at one quote from Baldwin, The time has come to realize that the interracial drama acted out on the American continent has not only created a new black man, it has created a new white man, too. No road whatever will lead Americans back to the simplicity of this European village where white men still have the luxury of looking on me as a stranger. Baldwin is stating that the world is always changing that we need to start to adapt to these on going changes. In Biology you learn about the body and its ability to keep homeostasis, peeping everything balanced out, this is what is being show through out the essay and our generation. The body and the mind are trying to adapt to all the changes, but they are coming so fast that some groups are unable to adapt to such a shift in a way of life. This would involve change the ways on doing everything they have done for many centuries before the introduction of African American to their small village or even country like the United States. It almost compares to my statement I pointed out, tout ten religion topic. Your not Just addle to change In ten snap AT your Tellers, t took hundreds of years to break away from slavery. All you can do is wait it out. Look at this in this standpoint, here I am writing this paper more than 50 years later after these encounters with this village in Switzerland; what has change so far? Yes no, we have now become for the most part a non-segregated society, until you start looking more into the facts. Lets look at where we are at now SST. Louis, in the city how does the diversity look at when you go into north of downtown, are we simply human an this is all coincidence that this part of the city is predominately African American. Or when we travel east to Staunton, Illinois where there is a single African American family. Sure, there are towns between SST. Louis and Staunton but that have an even ratio of Blacks Whites but how I see a pattern going on. As the movement of more diverse society happens it seems that is a comparison of oil water. You can put the two in the same bottle and shake it up, the products appear to mix, but in the long run Just seem to separate themselves out. Baldwin views and theories are easily affecting what is going on in today, not Just in the on going struggle in diversity in the United States. But also in other countries as well, as much as we try to alienate ourselves from one another there will always be that someone to mix it up. All there is to do is to try to change are ways, and this by following the structure that Baldwin has laid out for us. That is to start learning the basics, even the littlest of changes matter and that is what it comes down. Homeostasis of cultures and learning how to adapt with our ongoing changes, around the world and within us is what has to be done. This is what is projected to me from Baldwin during his essay; learning to adapt is the first step.

Was the Conservative party essays

Was the Conservative party essays In the aftermath of the First World War British politics faced a seismic change in the new electoral system that the 1918 General Election represented. In truth the first genuinely universal election of MPs across the UK was not until this year - when the franchise was vastly, and far more thoroughly than say the 1867 Reform Act, extended; not only this, but for the first time women over the age of 30 were also allocated voting powers. What this effectively meant was that the working class were finally granted an electoral voice for the first time in British history. Thus, we might presume, the Labour Party - the voice of the progressive and self-proclaimed representatives of the workers - would seize power at the cost of the Conservatives - who many see as merely the voice of the landed gentry. In fact, this was not the case: not only did the Tories manage to survive the advent of class politics (much at the expense of the middle-class Liberal party), but it also came to dominat e the new political arena. In fact, bar a brief ten months during 1924, a Conservative Party leader was Prime Minister of the country or a Conservative majority sat in the House of Commons, or both, from 1918 until the Tories humiliation at the second post-war election of 1945. Thus we can easily deduce that the Conservative Party did indeed survive the advent of class politics. What we must thus consider is why this happened. Why did the party of the upper classes so persuade the working class vote so as to win (at least some of) their vote? In examining this we shall indeed see that a combination of factors attributed to this - good fortune and political skill on the part of the Conservative hierarchy together with the nature of the working class vote in the inter-war period. Once we have evaluated these three factors, we shall conclude that in truth not one single dynamic stands out as being of singular importance, but ra...

World Religions Report Scientology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

World Religions Report Scientology - Essay Example According to scientology, it is believed that human beings are immortal beings who exist in spiritual forms usually called ‘thetan,’ meaning that they are only trapped on Earth in their physical body. According to scientologists believes, individuals discover are supposed to discover for themselves, the works of scientology by putting into practice all the principles and observing the results. Through scientology methods; individuals are believed to be able to achieve great spiritual awareness, through a method referred to as; ‘Auditing’ or ‘Training’. From these people are able to scale up from level to level a process called ‘the bridge to total freedom’. The progress typically involves three basic stages that is; ‘preclear,’ ‘clear’ and finally ‘operating Theatan’ (Ron Hubbard, 2007). Name Location and Review of the Site The Mormon Church was formally known as the ‘Church of Jesus Chri st of Latter day Saints’ the church has many temples across the globe with the majority concentrated in the United States. I visited the Bountiful Utah Temple which is located in North America in a place called Utah. The church is built high among the famous Bountiful East bench foothills. It offers a skeptical view which extends to far to the ‘Great salt Lake’. It was the eighth temple in Utah, the first having been built in Davis Country. The Bountiful Utah Temple represents one of the two temples which are normally dedicated by President Howard W, at the time he was the president of the church (The other temple is the Orlando Florida Temple). The people living around this region are political conservatives compared to the other people in the outskirts of this region. This was the major drawback in information gathering. Interview Summary I have always had an unexplored passion in scientology due to the fact that it is comparatively new religion with a lot of u nknown secrets. When I met a guy called Brian, he was open and willing to talk to me about many aspects of this religion and below is some of the major issues we tackled at length as we communicated. A summary of conversation interview with Brian-a Scientologist Mike: have you ever been interviewed by someone like me before? Brian Wenger: yes indeed, but the topic was not precisely on scientology as you would wish to do, I have had friends and strangers questioning me on various topics but not one had hit the same thing as you did, and I believe this is what gave me some interest to talk to you as I will be sharing one of the things I hold so dear at heart with a stranger. Mike: I have always wondered and had passion in knowing more about scientology, I am always keen and eager to learn new things that are different from the normal societal values and teachings that I belong. When I met you the first question that rung into my mind was, how you heard and became a member of scientolo gist religion. Brian Wenger: I was introduced to scientology by my dad Mike: Ah so you grew up knowing it? Brian Wenger: Well, kind of. He and my mum had been in transcendental meditation. At fist I saw that it was weird, but as time went by I became curious and began looking at some stuff they were bringing home like some articles about scientology. They were committed Mennonite and as such, this religious thing was always around me. Mike: How long have you practiced this faith? Brian Wenger: I can say over 24 years now Mike: What religion or faith did you practice before scientology? Brian Wenger: just as I said, I learned about scientology when I was still young, and my parents

Fujiwara Clan and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fujiwara Clan and Governance - Essay Example Although the history of japan is often illustrated by institutional progress, it has had some significant turning points. As such, japan has had a long interesting history. Archeological evidence implies that people have resided in the region since the prehistoric era. This vast history is divided into groups so as to make it more manageable. These periods often have varying lengths i.e. decades to centuries. The Fujiwara family dominated japan between794 to 1160. There is no record of a specific starting year of their dominance in the government. To ensure they ruled the state of japan, they made emperors to be just puppets. An increase in population, food production decline and competition for resources saw the decline of the Fujiwara family and other great families. These problems engineered the occurrence of various military disturbances. The Taira and Minamoto who were Fujiwara family members attacked each other over land issues. This led to the collapse of the Fujiwara family as they created rival regimes. The In no cho took over from the Fujiwara clan. They slowly replaced the Fujiwara court members by the Minamoto family. Unlike previous regimes where civil authority controlled the government, military might determine the strength of the government. Despite its eventual decline, the Fujiwara clan was very successful in governance as a result of the factors highlighted herein.

Discussion Week 7 Question 1 Comparing Graphical and Computer-Based Assignment

Discussion Week 7 Question 1 Comparing Graphical and Computer-Based Methods - Assignment Example the shadow price associated with a particular constraint tells you how much the optimal value of the objective would increase per unit increase in the amount of resources available. In other words, the shadow price associated with a resource tells you how much more profit you would get by increasing the amount of that resource by one unit† (Spivey, 2011, p. 1). It was emphasized by Taylor (2010) that the graphical solution is applicable for solving LP problems with only two (2) decision variables and could be visualized by the problem-solver; while the computer-based methods allow solving problems with more than two variables and would necessitate data input requirements, either through Excel or QM for Windows. Concurrently, these two methods are similar in terms of allowing the decision-makers to evaluate the outcome or solution that was arrived at using either of the methods. Likewise, as these methods were designed to solve LP problems, they presume that all the necessary elements or characteristics that are essential for solving LP problems must be present: the objective function (either maximize profit or minimize cost), a set of constraints, the decision variables, and finally, â€Å"linearity among all constraint relationships and the objective function† (Taylor, 2010, p. 57). The graphical approach could be preferred as the most viable approach to solve LP problems when there are limited decision variables (at most two) and when the user needs to visualize the feasible solution area, as well as the optimal solution point. In addition, if the user is not competent or proficient with computer-based programs, the graphical approach is evidently most

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay

Drivers Of Business Internet Adoption Information Technology Essay E-business has introduced new opportunities within recent years for small and large organization to compete successfully in the global marketplace. Many speculators have noted that among the newest changes introduced by electronic communications is the approach of transforming and transmitting information for gaining competitive advantage by organizations in the market place. The internet has provided significant space of opportunities for many small businesses to move and build closer relationships with their new or existing customers and suppliers online to achieve customer attraction and retention. With the use of online, e-business services to both customers and suppliers has significantly reduce costs while providing new convenient ways and channel for purchase of goods and services. Through providing high-quality online services to customers, business can build and create a long lasting relationship with all stakeholders involved (chaffey, 2009) Drivers of Business internet adoption At a relatively early point in e-business adoption, a government report (DTI, 2000) identified two main categories of drivers, which is prevalent and relevant today: Cost/efficiency drivers Increasing speed with which supplies can be obtained Increasing speed with which goods can be dispatched Reduced sales and purchasing costs. Competitiveness drivers Customer demand Improving the range and quality of services offered Avoiding losing market share to businesses already using e-commerce (Chaffey, 2009). Perrott (2005) identifies four key areas driving performance, which are cost-benefits, competitive pressures, market advantage and value adding, for example improving customer satisfaction while building strong and long lasting relationship. The main business drivers for introducing e-commerce and e-business are opportunities for increased revenues and reducing costs, but many other benefits can be identified that improve customer service and corporate image (Chaffey 2009). Chaffey review the potential benefits use in identifying both tangible and intangible benefits (cost hard to calculate). Figure Tangible and intangible benefits from e-commerce and e-business (Chaffey, 2009) E-COMMERCE AND DIGITAL OPPORTUNITITES IN AFRICA Internet edition of the 2004 report on E-Commerce and Development published by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The Report was intended to provide practitioners and policy-makers with information and analysis to better assess and understand the impact of the growing role of ICTs in economic development. From the report foreword by past UN Secretary General  Kofi Annan: Information and communications technologies have considerable potential to promote development and economic growth. They can foster innovation and improve productivity.  They can reduce transaction costs and make available, in mere seconds, the rich store of global knowledge. In the hands of developing countries, and especially small- and medium-sized enterprises, the use of ICTs can bring impressive gains in employment, gender equality and standards of living (ITU) (OVERVIEW OF THE ICT LANDSCAPE IN AFRICA) The latest evaluations of immerse digital opportunity across the continent of Africa is shown below. The  Digital Opportunity Index  assesses countries on eleven different indicators, organized into three clusters of Opportunity, Infrastructure and Utilization. Measurements of digital opportunity for Africa show that, in 2005, only three countries had a DOI score in excess of 0.40 (Seychelles, Mauritius and Morocco), while in 2006, seven countries had DOI scores greater than 0.40 countries includes Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Tunisia joined with a DOI score of above 0.40 (ITU). http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa_WISR07-blog1.jpg Figure Digital opportunities index (ITU, 2007) Analysis of the DOI results shows that, in Africa, digital opportunity is without a doubt mobile. Mobile lines outnumber fixed lines by 5 to 1, the ratio is even higher in sub-Saharan Africa, where 9 out of 10 subscribers use mobile.   Mobile penetration in Africa increased from 6.5 per 100 inhabitants to 13.1 per 100 inhabitants from 2003 to 2005. Africas mobile market region was considered the fastest-growing market  in the world, with averaging of 50% growth per year since 2000; fortunate growth rates that strategic investors like Orascom, Celtel,  MTN and Vodacom are profiting from (ITU) The digital penetration of Africa is going to encourage local business to embrace the opportunities of e-business and attract foreign investors to invest in Africa regions. The important of digital technology in Africa cannot be over exaggerated neither can it be underscored. SUBSAHARA AFRICA 11 African countries have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). At least around  eleven African  countries, including Nigeria, Ghana and  South Africa, presently now have Internet Exchange Points (IXPs). These countries  now benefit from effective and efficient peering arrangements among themselves and very cheaper international connectivity and bandwidth. Nigerian Internet Exchange (NIXP)  Chief Executive Officer (CEO) said that eleven sub-Saharan  African countries presently have international Internet Exchange Points (IXPs), following the commissioning of Nigerias Internet exchange in late 2006, at about 30 million naira cost. Rudman observed, that until now, all ISPs within Nigeria have been connected to overseas countries, Which means that Africa was paying foreign carriers to exchange local [continental] traffic on their behalf. This was very costly and inefficient.  Rudman estimated costs of over US$100 million each year in Nigeria for use of unnecessary international transit or international bandwidth for national data. Rudman noted, peering with other ISPs at the exchange point, means all local internet traffic will remain local within the seven ISPs connection to NIXP and Starcomms was the first public telecom operator to connect to it (ITU). African countries with Internet exchanges include:   Botswana, Angola,  Congo DR,  Ghana,  Egypt, Kenya,  Ã‚  Nigeria,  Mozambique, Rwanda,  Tanzania, South Africa,  Uganda  and Zimbabwe. Evaluation of the digital divide In 2007 World Information Society Report, ITU included the very  latest statistics monitoring the evolution of the digital divide, with the use of a variety of statistical  techniques. The digital divide narrowed most rapidly in mobile telephony, with 1 in 2 people in the world projected to have access to a mobile phone by end of 2007. Low-income countries was found having important gains in mobile telephony (figure below), with mobile phones outnumbering fixed lines by 7 to 1 in LDCs and by as much as 9 to 1 in Sub-Saharan Africa. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/major-ICTs-small123.jpg Figure Distribution of ICT by income group of economies (ITU, 2007) The digital divide was also found narrowing in terms of Internet usage.   In 1997, almost three-quarters of worlds population living in low-income economies and lower-middle income economies was around 5% of worlds total Internet users.  In 2005, they accounted for around 32.5% or nearly about third  of all Internet users. The digital divide has evolved and gaps in access in the high-speed broadband technologies that matters most in today information economy are more marked low-income economies accounted for about 1% of total broadband subscribers worldwide, while lower-middle income economies accounted for around 20% or one fifth of the global total.   The digital is taking on new aspects in terms of speed, efficiency and the quality of access (ITU) http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/africa-graph.gif Figure Growth in Speed WISD, 17 May 2007 (ITU, 2006) SERVICE PROVIDERS CELTEL AFRICA Celtel mobile phone service provider  has expanded its roaming service offer to customers in 12 African countries. Without incurring extra costs, enabling around  half of all Africans mobile phone users to communicate across national borders Celtel roaming service is available in Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Burkina Faso, Sudan and Malawi, as well as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Celtels roaming service extend services to a population of over 400 million people, the populations are living in an area twice as large as Western Europe.Anna Othoro, the marketing director at Celtel said. This is a feat that not even European firms have achieved .Although Celtel has not yet announces upgrade to 3G services like its major competitor Safaricom (ITU) MTN In third quarter of 2007 results, MTN Group serves over 54.1 million customers in 21 countries, making it the largest operator in the Middle East and Africa, and with over 64,000 new customers a day. MTNs South African network is the keystone of its activities, with subscribers increase of 3% to 14 million. Nigeria is other source of income for MTN, with 14.9 million customers and each spending an average of $17 a month. This represents about 7% increase in customers, as well as a healthy more than 4% rise in their spending. MTN is improving in fractures and investing heavily in Nigeria to cope with the growing demand. Middle East and North Africa region of MTN saw 36% growth in customers, with its new Iranian network winning more than 1.7 million more users. Irancell is serving over 3.7 million people and each is spending an average of $11 a month (ITU) E-business Challenges (Risk and Barriers to business adoption) E-business opportunities must be balanced against the risks of introducing e-business services, which varies from strategic risk to practical risk. An organization can make a wrong investment in e-business, which is considered strategic risk. Most business have realized the opportunity and made investment in e-business and gain a competitive advantage, but while others have invested, so much in e-business without returns (profits) either because of wrong strategic planning or wrong approach to the market. Negative attitude of the managing directors and CEOs to the business benefits of information and communication technology (Chaffey, 2009). The perception of the risks involved has limited adoption of e-business in many organizations. Figure Usage of different e-business services in European countries (Chaffey, 2009). A DTI (2002) Study evaluated some of the barriers to B2B e-commerce, which remain valid today. Reason for cost was the most important factors. This suggests the importance of managers assessing e-business to develop costs and the ongoing costs that form the total cost of ownership (TCO) against the value created from the tangible and intangible benefits (Chaffey, 2009). Figure Barriers to development of online technologies (Chaffey, 2009) BARRIERS TO ADOPTION OF E-BUSINESS IN AFRICA KENYA Natural limit to the mobile market in Kenya Celtel Kenya, CEO Mr David Murray, is suggesting the possibility natural limit to the mobile market size in Kenya. Telecommunication is the fastest growing market in the world with the highest in Mobile communications segment especially Africa,but Mr. Murray warns that, in spite of the growth, Kenyas economy will not be able to accommodate more than three operators. Mobile market in Kenya is divided between Safaricom and Celtel Kenya, France Telecoms and Econet Wireless recently acquired the controlling stake in  Telkom Kenya  and about to start operations in the country. With a population of 34 million, mobile Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) is less than $10 per month (ITU) Mr Murray reckons that survival of the operators will be determined by creativity and efficiency on the marketing front, network reliability and product development. For example,  International One Network service from Celtel, the first-ever international borderless mobile network without roaming call surcharges or additional payment to receive incoming calls.   One Network service  was recently been extended to cover more twelve countries, an area equivalent twice the size of the European Union (ITU). UGADA High taxes threaten growth in Uganda An excellent study by Eria Hisali, consisting of data and statistics, researcher at Makerere University, concludes that Ugandas telecom markets high taxes threaten to choke growth. Recent study published by the  Uganda Communications Commission,  shows that recent mobile market in Ugandan is slow. Usage tax on mobile pre-paid services in Uganda is 30% (18% VAT and 12% excise duty), this is the second-highest level of  service taxes on mobile communication use  internationally, as claimed by the report.  Telecoms accounted for about 4% of  Ugandas total VAT revenues in 2000-2001, and 6.5% of VAT revenues in 2005-2006. Although,  Uganda Communications Commission latest statistics released, shows that the number of mobile subscribers is in increase, the report finds that, interestingly minutes of use is reduced significantly in both fixed line and mobile use.   More people are using mobiles, but less often and for a shorter period. Tax as a proportion of revenues for the telephone sub-sector  rose from 5.7% in 2001  to 19.6 or nearly a fifth in 2005. The Report suggests that high taxes may result in a slowdown in growth of the telecommunication industry by reducing investment in the sector. It also suggests that uniform tax rates may mean that poorer households bear a higher burden than higher-income households. The Report concludes that, if market growth  is  to continue, there is urgent need to change the current tax policy on telecommunications sector (ITU). BOWSTNA Botswana Telecommunication Authority and Orange High Court of Appeal in Botswana ruled recently that the Botswana Telecommunications Authority (BTA) should stop receiving tax revenues thier mobile phone operators from sale of voucher cards and free airtime operators offers their customers. Orange and Mascom, Botswanas two private mobile operators, have paid 3% of net turnover on quarterly basis from 2002, the beginning of private cellular phone operation in Botswana. However, the company had appealed the payment of tax on freebies or free airtime Orange occasionally offers to its customers, on the basis that it was free airtime, without profit. The High Court of Appeal ruled that Free airtime given by Orange to its customers is not an amount invoiced nor does it otherwise accrue to Orange for purposes of computation of net turnover. BTA stand a chance of refunds and  stands to lose a substantial amount of future  revenue (ITU). NIGERIA Security Nigeria has set up a movement (Nigeria Anti-Scam Network) composed of concern youths of Nigeria fighting cybercrime and spam. The Nigeria professional are interested in change to redeem Nigeria image from the bad reputation of online crime. The Network realizes that;  throughout the world, cyber crime is a very serious topic and a very contentious one at that. Many countries are losing a lot of money due to the activities of cyber 419s. Nigeria has been touted as the major breeding ground for most of these online frauds. Nigerias ranking in the corruption index have been very discouraging for the past three years and we know that this is not only as a result of Government officials corruptness, but also as a result of activities of online scammers. To be better prepared to fight these menace and bring back our lost reputation, some young Nigerian professionals started the Nigerian Anti-Scam network and have been doing extensive research on the activities of these scammers and ways of salvaging the countrys image (ITU). E-business Strategy Assessment of an organizations existing e-businesses capabilities is a starting point for the future development of their e-business strategy. The future direction and action of any company approach to achieve some specific objectives most be defined. Chaffey (2009) Defined E-business as the approach by which applications of internal and external electronic communications can support and influence corporate strategy. Google Africa As Google has become global, and it isnt neglecting Africa. Google is betting on the powerful impart the internet will bring to improve and transform business and society on the continent, even if the region remains one of the world least connected parts. Anyone in Ghana interested in buying a goat, computer, an iPad or Hummer 2011 model can now  go to Google site   and set up a link to sellers and buyers who have internet connection and SMS messages. Recently, Google hired Ory Okolloh, as its Policy Manager for Africa in a clear sign of its ambitions. In 2010, Google launched  Baraza, an interactive online space where Africans can be able to ask questions and also post answers to others. The goal of Baraza is to facilitate knowledge sharing within and outside Africa about locally relevant issues. According to Aneto Okonkwo Product Manager. Questions include everything from What is the economic impact of the tax increases in the Ghana 2011 budget? to Is it safe to take charcoal tablets during pregnancy? and Where do grasshoppers come from? Google senior official Nelson Mattos noted that any company that most succeed in Africa would have to do a good job by providing content relevant to the local market (Reuter). Google started earlier in Uganda before launching its trade service in Ghana.  Ã‚  Though internet penetration rates is very low in sub Saharan Africa, the recent launch of undersea fiber optic cables in Western Africa and East could significantly improve connectivity. The spread of mobile phones and SMS messaging motivated Google offering in Africa. It is important in raising the Bar and bringing together governments, international organizations, business, experts and civil society in focusing on leveraging Africas potential e-commerce strategic role in the global arena. It should feature innovative partnerships to sustain growth and addressing the human and infrastructure capacity constraints Africa is face with, and assessing strategies with opportunities for improving Africa investment climate.   The overviews of the ICT landscape in Africa, considers the relationship existing between ICTs and competitiveness. With reference to the latest researches, examining the changing regulatory policy in Africa landscape, providing the latest  summary statistics on service providers (operators) and markets information on various planned infrastructure initiatives shows the rate at which the private sector is forging ahead with the introduction and improvements of new technologies to grow the broadband  and mobile markets in Africa.  African  rise of strategic investors such as Celtel, Vodacom and Orascom to boast e-commerce  growth  is very impressive. Africa subscribers (WiMAX) WiMAX Counts.Com  by the end of 2007 reported that WiMAX has expanded rapidly in Africa over 2006-2007. Beginning of 2006, WiMAX subscribers numbered just a few thousand. However, by the end of 2007, Africa subscribers accounted for more than 20,000. Business was mostly customers, with 10s or 100s of internal users, in contrast to personal use. Over the years, subscriber numbers increased at an average rate of 28% per quarter, and in 2007 of 36% growth from Q2 to Q3 alone. Several new deployments took place during the second half of 2007, about 15 commercial deployments of BWA/WiMAX to the region, with a further 10 WiMAX network operators trailing and evaluating the implementation (ITU). Unavailability of traditional fixed line telecom infrastructure in Africa opened the door for big opportunities for WiMAX which provided broadband Internet rural and underserved areas that that is not possible with wired technologies. African operators are on the edge to spread the benefits of WiMAX. There is low penetration of broadband subscribers in Africa. From the 922 million inhabitants at 2006, only about 43.6 million were Internet users and around 1 million had a broadband connection. The  Digital Opportunity Index (DOI), is one of the two indices officially endorsed by the  World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)  (Geneva 2003-Tunis 2005),  can be used as a practical tool to track the changing dynamics driving the Information Society worldwide. 2005 DOI scores are sharply differentiated according to region. The region with the poorest countries in the world is Africa and it is greatly impacted by the digital divide. Americas, Europe and Asia have average DOI scores of more than 0.37 world average, while Africa has 0.20 average DOI score, mainly because of fixed line infrastructure and limited Utilization. When compared with other regions, Africa with an average regional DOI score ranked last with barely one-third that of Europe (0.55). African strong-performers regions are the Seychelles, Mauritius and North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt). The DOI map of Africa indicates high scores among the North African economies regions (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia). Egypt was in only country in the Top 15 gainers in the DOI, having a 32% in digital opportunity  from 2000-2005. In contrast, economies with low ranking are mostly inland, in Sub-Saharan including economies likes, Eritrea, Chad, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and Niger (ITU) Many African countries are showing impart and making progress in reducing their internal gaps. Africa as a region has the highest growth rate in mobile cellular subscribers a 66% growth rate in 2005, with Egypt, Algeria, South Africa and Nigeria accounting for about 60% of the new mobile subscribers in the region. Nigeria In 2005, alone added 9.7 million subscribers; this represents about 7% of its total population. Three-quarters of all phone connections in 19 countries in Africa are mobile phones. This shows the tendency of e-commerce and e-business development in developing countries. From the perspective of telecommunication policy, high-ranking countries have illustrated the influence of liberalization, competition in promoting opportunity for infrastructure deployment. Most North African countries, as well as South Africa and Senegal, opened their fixed mobile markets to competition and creating rapidly increasing high-speed network deployment. Competition is reducing tariffs and introducing new service packages that responded efficiently to the needs of the people. For example, In Algeria the presences of a third wireless cellular provider successfully triggered new strategies for prepaid services that was not previously offered by the incumbents providers. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/newslog/content/binary/Africa11.png Figure DOI of Africa World Information Society Report 2006 (ITU, 2005)

College Eating Disorders: The Pressure To Be Perfect :: Health Fitness

College Eating Disorders: The Pressure To Be Perfect an article by Eric Goodman informs us about the difficulties college women face while attending Miami University and other universities. The article talks about nine women living off campus their second year at Miami University and the problems the women face with eating disorders such as bulimia. All the girls were concerned with losing what's referred to as the freshman 15 the summer after their freshman year. This diet only led to more serious problems their sophomore year. When they moved into a house their sophomore year there wasn't a gram of fat in either shared kitchen except what Ashley bought, the one who ate the best out of the nine women living in the house. She said that if you wanted something with fat in it, such as peanut butter, you would have to buy it and eat it somewhere else other than in the house (Goodman-154-155). Miami University is medium-size and extremely competitive academically. Miami looks and feels like a private university at public university prices. A tradition of academic excellence helps attract a regional student body that is remarkably homogeneous: suburban, conservative, upper middle class and 94.3 percent white. With everyone coming from the same background there is only one way to look, one way to be: ultra slim and ultra toned. Not all Miami women feel this way but a large number do and it’s an ideal shared at similar schools across the country. Also shared at schools across the country is an epidemic of eating disorders (Goodman155). Almost every female undergraduate at Miami whom Eric Goodman interviewed said she knew of someone who had died of an eating disorder. Simple bulimia was so common it wasn’t even worth mentioning. Eating disorders result from individual psychological problems: an unhealthy competition between mother and daughter; low self-esteem; and a need to be perfect in every aspect. Eric Goodman found out though that the more students and experts he interviewed the more he was struck with an inconsistency in logic. How could individual psychological problems produce a national epidemic? He concluded that many young women with a predisposition to eating disorders developed them partially, or even primarily, in response to the pressures of their immediate environment (Goodman 154-155). Julie Campbell-Ruggaard, Ph.D., is a full time member of the Student Counseling Service at Miami University. She estimates that about 20 percent of Miami’s women undergraduates meet official clinical guidelines for eating disorders.

Citizenship in the nation Essay

1.Explain what citizenship in the nation means and what it takes to be a good citizen of this country. Discuss the rights, duties, and obligations of a responsible and active American citizen. 2.Do TWO of the following: a. Visit a place that is listed as a National Historic Landmark or that is on the National Register of Historic Places. Tell your counselor what you learned about the landmark or site and what you found interesting about it. b. Tour your state capitol building or the U.S. Capitol. Tell your counselor what you learned about the capitol, its function, and the history. c. Tour a federal facility. Explain to your counselor what you saw there and what you learned about its function in the local community and how it serves this nation. d. Choose a national monument that interests you. Using books, brochures, the Internet (with your parent’s permission), and other resources, find out more about the monument. Tell your counselor what you learned, and explain why the monument is important to this country’s citizens. 3.Watch the national evening news five days in a row OR read the front page of a major daily newspaper five days in a row. Discuss the national issues you learned about with your counselor. Choose one of the issues and explain how it affects you and your family. 4.Discuss each of the following documents with your counselor. Tell your counselor how you feel life in the United States might be different without each one. a. Declaration of Independence b. Preamble to the Constitution c. The Constitution d. Bill of Rights e. Amendments to the Constitution 5.List the six functions of government as noted in the preamble to the Constitution. Discuss with your counselor how these functions affect your family and local community. 6.With your counselor’s approval, choose a speech of national historical importance. Find out about the author, and tell your counselor about the person who gave the speech. Explain the importance of the speech at the time it was given, and tell how it applies to American citizens today. Choose a sentence or two from the speech that has significant meaning to you, and tell your counselor why. 7.Name the three branches of our federal government and explain to your counselor their functions. Explain how citizens are involved in each branch. For each branch of government, explain the importance of the system of checks and balances. 8.Name your two senators and the member of Congress from your congressional district. Write a letter about a national issue and send it to one of these elected  officials, sharing your view with him or her. Show your letter and any response you receive to your counselor.

An explanation of the history of the corrections system and varying approaches to corrections by era Essay

An explanation of the history of the corrections system and varying approaches to corrections by era Introduction                   Incarceration is a type of punishing criminal that became prevalent in the USA prior to the Revolution, although corrective imprisonment efforts started in England as early as 1500s, a number of detention facilities and dungeons as forms of prisons were in existence ever since that time. Efforts done in building prisons in was in 3 major ways (Ayers, 1984). The first starting in the period of the Jackson Ian Era that became prevalent in rehabilitative and imprisonment labor as the main punishment for many crimes in virtually all places by Civil War time. Subsequently there was incarceration following the Civil War gaining drive in the Liberal Period, getting some tools—like bail, trial, and unstipulated penalizing—in the conventional of corrective practice (Ekirch, 1987). Lastly, subsequently after the early 1970s, the USA has been involved in a historical exceptional development of its incarceration organizations at level of state and federal. In the meantime in 1973, the imprisoned persons rose in a five-fold, and in any given year 7, 000,000 individuals are under control and supervision of correction. In these times of reforming and constructing prison great alterations in the prison responsibilities, missions and structure systems of state and federal agencies for supervising and administering them, in addition to the political and legal status of prisoners themselves (Christianson, 1998). Prison is among one of a number of sanctions available to the courts to deal with those who commit criminal offences. Imprisonment today is the harshest sanction available (Alexander, 2012). In the 1600s and 1700s                   Approval of criminal behavior tends to be proceedings of public aimed at humiliating the person and avoiding others from the wrongdoing; these are inclusive of the branding, stooping stool, whipping, scorning, and the stocks (Christianson, 1998). At that time the sentence for most wrongdoings was death. Prison inclined to being a habitation where individuals were held up as they waited for their punishment and prior to their trial (Ekirch, 1987). It was hardly utilized in punishing in its way. Everyone inclusive of boys, girls, men and women were locked together in prisons (Christianson, 1998). This period prisons were poorly kept and frequently managed by careless prison warders. People died from diseases like gal fever that is a form of typhus. In this Era, a prototype correction building was build – the London Bride well. Correction houses were at first part of the Poor Law machinery, anticipated to impart industry habits by prison labor (Alexander, 2012). Many individuals locked in them were minor offenders, tramps and the unsystematic indigenous unfortunate people. Towards the end of 17th century, they were captivated into the system of prisons by local Justices of the Peace control. Question Number 2                   Description of the participants of the corrections system and their roles Correctional officer (CO):                   He assists in controlling, directing and monitoring the movements and activities of inmates (Ayers, 1984). He makes sure prison rules are followed, ensuring the safety and security of inmates, staff, visitors and the community (Alexander, 2012). As a visitor you will frequently come in contact with Correctional Officer. Correctional Sergeant                   Correctional sergeants supervise Correctional officers and perform custody work, which involves providing safety and security as well as controlling, directing and monitoring the activities and movement of adult inmates (Ekirch, 1987). Correctional Sergeants have a variety of duties depending upon where they are assigned (Alexander, 2012). Each facility has a public Access or visit Sergeant who generally can resolve issues relating to the visiting process. Correctional Lieutenant                   A correctional lieutenant is responsible for security operations during his her shift and supervises Correctional Sergeants (Christianson, 1998). This position manages any response to emergency situations that may arise. Correctional Captain                   This is the senior custody staff member responsible for facility-wide custody and security operations and supervision of Lieutenants (Ayers, 1984). Community Corrections Officer (CCO), Classification Counselor (CC)                   Each inmate has an assigned CCO or CC, depending on the facility in which they reside or the county in which they are supervised (Ekirch, 1987).. Counselors handle day-to-day issues or concerns of inmates in a housing unit. Counselors are responsible for classification and case management (education and work programs) and release preparation. CCOs are in the community offices, pre-release and work release facilities, providing a similar service to inmates who are on community supervision. Correctional Unit Supervisor (CUS)                   A CUS is responsible for the management of a housing unit, including the supervision of CCs or CCOs, and custody staff (Sergeants and Cos) (Alexander, 2012). Question Number 3   Impediments and issues faced by corrections admins when running a prison                   According to Alexander (2012), present prison populations being a mixture of short term and long term and â€Å"lifers†, definite and indefinite sentenced inmates, the sick the healthy, the young, the old. Rehabilitation and a better way of life are some of the reasoning behind such programs though the necessity of some of these programs is under scrutiny (Christianson, 1998). Politicians and tax payers frown upon such programs as conjugal visitation, some feeling that the programs are too risky and sometimes too expensive (Christianson, 1998). At the extreme this programs are looked upon as a luxury and lessen the punishment effect of incarceration. Management control of facilities is another problem (Ayers, 1984). The thought of contracting communicable diseases and being abused by violent inmates threatens staff and the general population. One solution is to remove predatory and other dangerous offenders from the population (Ekirch, 1987). HIV-Positive inmates, serial killers, violent sex offenders being some. Many have proposed isolation of problem offenders. It is a scary concept that an innocent person convicted of a crime to have contracted Aids while being incarcerated (Alexander, 2012). Even scarier to perceive is if the inmate contracted the disease as a result of rape (Blackmon, 2008). The rates of HIV and AIDS in prisons are estimated at five times higher than within the general population. This fact has been attributed to a higher number of inmates sharing of needles and also of inmates that participate in unprotected sex in prisons (Alexander, 2012). As of 1996, there were 25,000 inmates with HIV and by then only 16 states tested all inmates entering prison. The dilemma facing corrections is whether they should be segregated from the population to stop the spread of disease. The quality of life of seropositive inmates is greatly affected by administrative decisions on screening and detection, housing programs, access to quality medical treatment, mental health support, and funding. Management of HIV is very complicated (Ekirch, 1987). One must take multiple medications on varying schedules, custody and health staff must develop a supportive medication administrative system (Ayers, 1984). HIV-Positive need proper treatment and may require a higher level care that may not be available at all areas of institutions. Patients with HIV infection may require isolation if they have pulmonary tuberculosis. Obviously there is need for segregation. There is the ethical issue of whether it is right to segregate all HIV-positive inmates from the general population. Activities are important to the daily lives of all inmates (Ayers, 1984). Aids patients are no different. Decisions on housing HIV-Positive inmates should be based on what is appropriate for their age, gender, custody class, not just for the fact that they are seropositive. Not all HIV-Positive inmates are a danger to other inmates (Blackmon, 2008). The type of offence, length of time sentenced general behavior, and expert report gathered at the classification stage will be a better indication of whether they will pose a danger to the prison system. Besides communicable diseases, criminal recidivists pose an enormous social problem to society Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). A lethal predator such as serial killers and violent sex offenders pose a particular problem not just in the free world but inside prison cells. Most profilers say serial killers do not learn from mistakes in their previous killings. They feel no guilt, no remorse and have an attitude of total disdain towards their victims. There’s a self-importance that runs in all of them and must demonstrate mental abnormality, usually a combination of sexual sadism and psychopathy (Blackmon, 2008). Conjugal visitation is not available to most married and unmarried inmates in U.S. prisons it is allowed only in six states, California, Connecticut, Mississippi, New Mexico, New York and Washington (Christianson, 1998). Viewed as an unnecessary prisoner privilege in some jurisdictions, many members of the general public such as lawmakers frown upon such issue. The thought of inmates enjoying themselves while serving a punitive prison sentence is largely unacceptable to innocent, American citizens who fall prey to criminal acts. Many view visitations as improving prison environment by giving inmates something to look forward to and an incentive to participate in rehabilitative programs, and a mechanism with which to cope with prison life (Christianson, 1998). Reflecting on the prison population and some of the issues for the future of corrections, employees will have to become better versed in supervising and caring for the very dangerous, the average, the very young, the very old, the mentally ill and the infirm (Blackmon, 2008). Question Number 4                   A complete description of the rights of prisoners and the Administration of required services by prison officials: In accordance to Alexander, Michelle (2012), these rights were embraced by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of crimes and the treatment of offenders held at Geneva in 1995, Part I of the rules covers the general management of institutions and is applicable to all categories of prisoners, criminal or civil, untried or convicted, Basic principle There shall be no discrimination on grounds of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status (Christianson, 1998). On the other hand, it is necessary to respect the religious beliefs and moral precepts of the group to which a prisoner belongs. Register According to Ayers, Edward L. (1984), In every place where persons are imprisoned there shall be kept a bound registration book with numbered pages in which shall be entered in respect of each prisoner received: Information concerning his identity The reasons for his commitment and the authority therefor; The day and hour of his admission and release No person shall be received in an institution without a valid commitment order of which the details shall have been previously entered in the register is in accordance to Bookspan, Shelley (1991). . Separation of categories 8. The different categories of prisoners shall be kept in separate institutions or parts of institutions taking account of their sex, age, criminal record, the legal reason for their detention and the necessities of their treatment in accordance to Ekirch, A. Roger (1987).. Thus, Men and women shall so far as possible be detained in separate institutions; in an institution which receives both men and women the whole of the premises                   allocated to women shall be entirely separate; Untried prisoners shall be kept separate from convicted prisoners; Persons imprisoned for debt and other civil prisoners shall be kept separate from persons imprisoned by reason of a criminal offence Hirsch, Adam J. (1992); Young prisoners shall be kept separate from adults. Accommodation                   9. (1) where sleeping accommodation is in individual cells or rooms, each prisoner shall occupy by night a cell or room by himself (Christianson, 1998). If for some reasons, such as temporary overcrowding, it becomes necessary for the central prison administration to make an exception to this rule, it is not desirable to have two prisoners in a cell or room (Blackmon, 2008). (2) Where dormitories are used, they shall be occupied by prisoners carefully selected as being suitable to associate with one another in those conditions (Christianson, 1998). There shall be regular supervision by night, in keeping with the nature of the institution. 10. All accommodation provided for the use of prisoners and in particular all sleeping accommodation shall meet all requirements of health, due regard being paid to climatic conditions and particularly to cubic content of air, minimum floor space, lighting, heating and ventilation (Ayers, 1984). 11. Every place the prisoners are needed to work or live. (a) The windows shall be large enough to enable the prisoners to read or work by natural light, and shall be so constructed that they can allow the entrance of fresh air whether or not there is artificial ventilation (Alexander, 2012). (b) Artificial light shall be delivered adequately for the prisoners to read or work without injury to vision. 12. The sanitary installations shall be adequate to enable every prisoner to comply with the needs of nature when necessary and in a clean and decent manner (Christianson, 1998). 13. Adequate bathing and shower installations shall be provided so that every prisoner may be enabled and required to have a bath or shower, at a temperature suitable to the climate, as frequently as necessary for general hygiene according to season and geographical region, but at least once a week in a temperate climate (Ekirch, 1987). 14. All parts of an institution regularly used by prisoners shall be properly maintained and kept scrupulously clean at all times (Alexander, 2012). Personal hygiene                   15. Prisoners shall be required to keep their persons clean, and to this end they shall be provided with water and with such toilet articles as are necessary for health and cleanliness (Ayers, 1984). 16. In order that prisoners may maintain a good appearance compatible with their self-respect, facilities shall be provided for the proper care of the hair and beard, and men shall be enabled to shave regularly (Alexander, 2012). Clothing and bedding                   17. (1) Every prisoner who is not allowed to wear his own clothing shall be provided with an outfit of clothing suitable for the climate and adequate to keep him in good health (Ayers, 1984). Such clothing shall in no manner be degrading or humiliating. (2) All clothing shall be clean and kept in proper condition (Christianson, 1998).. Underclothing shall be changed and washed as often as necessary for the maintenance of hygiene. (3) In exceptional circumstances, whenever a prisoner is removed outside the institution for an authorized purpose, he shall be allowed to wear his own clothing or other inconspicuous clothing (Blackmon, 2008). 18. If prisoners are allowed to wear their own clothing, arrangements shall be made on their admission to the institution to ensure that it shall be clean and fit for use (Ayers, 1984). 19. Every prisoner shall, in accordance with local or national standards, be provided with a separate bed, and with separate and sufficient bedding which shall be clean when issued, kept in good order and changed often enough to ensure its cleanliness (Christianson, 1998). Food                   20. (1) Every prisoner shall be provided by the administration at the usual hours with food of nutritional value adequate for health and strength, of wholesome quality and well prepared and served (Ekirch, 1987). (2) Drinking water shall be available to every prisoner whenever he needs it. Exercise and sport                   21. (1) Every prisoner who is not employed in outdoor work shall have at least one hour of suitable exercise in the open air daily if the weather permits (Ekirch, 1987). (2) Young prisoners, and others of suitable age and physique, shall receive physical and recreational training during the period of exercise (Alexander, 2012). To this end space, installations and equipment should be provided. Medical services                   22. (1) At every institution there shall be available the services of at least one qualified medical officer who should have some knowledge of psychiatry(Alexander, 2012). The medical services should be organized in close relationship to the general health administration of the community or nation. They shall include a psychiatric service for the diagnosis and, in proper cases, the treatment of states of mental abnormality. (2) Sick prisoners who require specialist treatment shall be transferred to specialized institutions or to civil hospitals (Ayers, 1984). Where hospital facilities are provided in an institution, their equipment, furnishings and pharmaceutical supplies shall be proper for the medical care and treatment of sick prisoners, and there shall be a staff of suitable trained officers. (3) The services of a qualified dental officer shall be available to every prisoner. 23. (1) In women’s institutions there shall be special accommodation for all necessary pre-natal and post-natal care and treatment. Arrangements shall be made wherever practicable for children to be born in a hospital outside the institution (Ekirch, 1987). If a child is born in prison, this fact shall not be mentioned in the birth certificate. Due to limitation of pages I shall summarize the rest as medical care shall be adequately provided to prisoners, discipline and order shall be maintained with firmness so as to have safe custody and a well and orderly life (Alexander, 2012)†¦ No prisoner shall be punished unless he has been informed of the offence alleged against him and given a proper opportunity of presenting his defense (Christianson, 1998). The medical officer shall visit daily and advice director if he considers the termination or alteration of the punishment necessary. Question Number 5                   A detailed description of alternative forms of corrections, including methods of rehabilitation and reintroduction to society. Prison abolition movement attempts to eliminate prisons and the prison system (Christianson, 1998). Prison abolitionists see the prisons as an ineffective way to decrease crime and reform criminals, and that the modern criminal justice system to be racist, sexist, classist (Ayers, 1984). One of the arguments made for prison abolition is that the majority of people accused of crime cannot afford to pay a lawyer. Ways of eliminating incarceration could include: Decriminalization Abolishing the system of bail Establishing community based dispute and mediation centers Restitution ie creating community mechanisms for assuring payment or services by wrong doers to the wronged Fines Suspended sentences Community probation programs Alternative sentencing Decriminalization                   Process of decriminalization means to wipe certain laws off the books. Crimes considered for decriminalization are those that are victimless (Christianson, 1998). This is defined as offences that do not result in someone feeling that s/he has been injured in a way of impelling him/her to bring the offence to the attention of the authorities (Ekirch, 1987). The essential factor is that there is no victim to bring complaint, three statutes emerge within this definition: moral statutes, illness statutes, nuisance statutes. Victimless crimes maybe irritating, annoying, or troublesome in general, but they are not really injurious to anyone in particular, they are â€Å"crimes† because the law says they are â€Å"crimes† (Christianson, 1998). Among those usually sighted are non-commercial gambling, prostitution, â€Å"deviant† sexual acts in private between consenting adult, public intoxication, possession, sale and distribution of illegal drugs, â€Å"blue laws† against doing business on Sundays, loitering, disorderly conduct and vagrancy, truancy, incorrigible, stubborn or ungovernable behavior Abolitionists advocate drastically limiting the role of criminal law (Ayers, 1984). It is realized that criminal sanctions are not an effective way of dealing with social problem. There is unjust and arbitrary law enforcement. Powerless persons are imprisoned while powerful persons go free (Ayers, 1984). Blacks and poor people bear the brunt of unequal law enforcement. Morality cannot be coerced through law. A democratic society should tolerate a wide range of individual differences (Alexander, 2012). A person’s right to do what s/he wishes should be respected as long as s/he does not infringe upon the right of others. Over criminalization encourages the wide use of discretionary power in law enforcement, because there is no complainant, police resort to questionable means of enforcement, investigative techniques used to gather evidence are often immoral and sometimes illegal (Ekirch, 1987). These include entrapment, use of informers, wiretapping, and infringement of constitutional rights such as illegal search and seizure, invasion of right of privacy and self-incrimination (Ayers, 1984). Enforcement of victimless crimes also encourages corruption. Graft and pay-offs are frequently made by neighborhood numbers rackets and places of prostitution (Blackmon, 2008). Crime syndicates manage to soak up much money flowing through illicit â€Å"industries† such as gambling and drugs. Prostitutes are arrested mostly the ones who are black, while most of their victims are white aged between 30 and 60 years thus there is selective enforcement                   Abolition of bail                   All persons are innocent of crime until proven guilty. No one may be deprived of liberty without the due process of law (Christianson, 1998). The mechanism developed by British society for this purpose was bail. De Tocqueville clearly saw that the bail system is inherently discriminatory against the poor (Ekirch, 1987). By placing a price tag on the right to freedom before trial beyond the reach of indigent, it makes a mockery of the presumption of innocence and provides the underpinning for the use of the criminal (in) justice systems by the powerful to control the powerless. Bail has been shown to be unnecessary to accomplish its stated objective of return to court (Ayers, 1984). The costs are paid in three coins: in human suffering by the poor who are its hostages; in money by the taxpaying middle class; and in the erosion of civil liberties arising from the system’s hidden abuses. In accordance to Hirsch, Adam J. (1992), the beneficiaries are: professional criminals, for whom ransom is a â€Å"business expense†; the wealthy, who are protected by a custody system paid for mainly by the taxes of the middle class as an instrument of social control against the poor and dissident; and bonds people, who make their living from the bail system and are pledged to serve that system. Despite proof that the system of bail is unnecessary to assure court appearances, the holding of hostages continues (Blackmon, 2008). The cost of their incarceration both in economic and human terms is staggering (Ekirch, 1987). Half or more of accused persons are detained in jail pending trial. On a single day, if the system of bail were abolished, upwards of 50,000 pretrial detainees could be released from jail and thousands in the arrest and arraignment stage would avoid the cage entirely. Bail has been used as an instrument of preventive detention and as a constitutionally guaranteed avenue of pretrial release (Alexander, 2012). There are thus prejudices too much room in the bail system and no defense against, the administration of justice by personal from which no one, including the judge is free. The abolition of bail would expose this hidden agenda and force the development of open and fair rules and judicial accountability. Community dispute and mediation centers                   Mediation centers present a unique opportunity for grass roots involvement in the process of justice and excarceration (Blackmon, 2008). Abolitionists recommend the establishment of such centers in every neighborhood By the use of the moot model where neighbors and kin of the disputants listen to the airing of disputes (Christianson, 1998). It is not coercive and allows the disputants to discuss their problems In an atmosphere free from the questions of past fact and guilt. Restitution                   Payment can be made by the offender for a particular amount of dollars for a particular kind of injury and y amount of dollars for another, as in workmen’s compensation or in tort (Gottschalk, 2006). The lawbreaker then is kept in the community and corrects his/her wrong, corrects discomfort and inconvenience of victim, saves community and individual economic and psychic costs of trial etc., reduces role of criminal law (Ekirch, 1987). Fines                   The poor unable to pay fines systematically filled the jails until a supreme court decision in 1971 ruled that an indigent could not be imprisoned upon non- payment of a fine but must be given an opportunity to pay in installments, the wrong doer is then able to stay in the community, saving the state probation expenses, welfare expenses, and the human costs of caging. Suspended sentences                   Used as a mechanism of establishing responsibility for wrong doing without imposing punishment or any supervisory conditions on the wrongdoer , the defendant loses fewer civil right, while probation is likened to suspended sentence, they differ in that probation carries with it the threat of imprisonment, most variations of the suspended sentence require that no law be violated (Blackmon, 2008). It is the least punitive of a range of alternative sentences. Probation                   It is the most commonly accepted and widely used mode of excarceration (Blackmon, 2008). Though mostly used on non- violent crimes, it has been extended to include other homicides and other serious wrongs which usually result in imprisonment. In unsupervised probation, persons would be under no compulsion to report or participate in programs, but could request for help from probation officers in accordance to Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). Question Number 6.                   A comprehensive list of alternative strategies to incarceration with an assessment, both pro and con, showing their worth as related to traditional, incarceration strategies. The predominate purpose this question was asked was to illustrate that there are programs accessible and effective substitutes obtainable instead of incarceration. Some of the famous ones used at present will be described briefly. Development in Early childhood: The Head Start program returns about seven dollars in benefits for every dollar invested (Ayers, 1984). Children born in poverty who attended a head start preschool program have half as many criminal arrests, less likelihood of going to jail, higher earnings and property wealth, and a greater commitment to family than similarly situated people who did not attend the program (Alexander, 2012). Reformation: Where teenagers will get ways to entertain themselves, by breaking windows and drinking liquor if not by playing ball or some other sport (Alexander, 2012). Parks and recreational opportunities like the Midnight Basketball and late night recreation center openings are proven effective at reducing crime (Alexander, 2012). When a pilot program in Phoenix, Arizona, kept recreation centers open until 2 a.m., juvenile crimes decreased by as much as 50%. The cost of the program was kept low at only sixty cents per person (Ayers, 1984). Gang Awareness: Kids often turn to gangs because of the absence of pro-social recreational alternatives. Kids also turn to gangs for a sense of being, something they may not be receiving at home (Ekirch, 1987). Parents sometimes do not take enough time with their children to show them their worth at home, giving them a reason to stay instead of roaming the streets. Most often times, gangs are more destructive to property than to human life (Alexander, 2012). When gangs do turn violent, it is most often times directed at â€Å"rival† gangs or families of the rival gang members. Gangs are a problem, not just in big metropolitan cities, but also in small suburban towns and rural America. Gang problems must be addressed at the first signs of potential activity. Society needs to teach children that gangs are not proper places to gain education and experiences, which should be accomplished more effectively in school and at home (Ayers, 1984). Education: Education is the route to better jobs and a potential way out of crime (Ekirch, 1987). In 1991, for the first time in U.S. history, cities spent more on law enforcement than on education (Alexander, 2012). Jurisdictions around the country are cutting education budgets because they lack sufficient funds, while setting aside funds for law enforcement (Ayers, 1984). 16 Schools that engage parents or caretakers in troubled communities show excellent results. Now, I don’t necessarily agree with cutting back on law enforcement spending (Ekirch, 1987). References Alexander, Michelle (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, New York. Ayers, Edward L. (1984), Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South, New York. Blackmon, Douglas A. (2008), Slavery by another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, New York. Bookspan, Shelley (1991). A Germ of Goodness: The California State Prison System, 1851–1944, Lincoln. Christianson, Scott (1998). With Liberty for Some: 500 Years of Imprisonment in America, Boston. Ekirch, A. Roger (1987). Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775, Oxford. Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America, Cambridge. Hindus, Michael Stephen (1980). Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878, Chapel Hill. Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America, New Haven Gottschalk, Marie (2006). The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America, Cambridge. Hindus, Michael Stephen (1980). Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878, Chapel Hill. Hirsch, Adam J. (1992). The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America, New Haven Source document